Energy Management Case Study: Siemens

In June 2009, Siemens took its effort in solar and wind to the next level by leading the Deserted initiative. This transcontinental project aims to generate solar power in North Africa, where it is most abundant, and then transport it to Europe. The project fits particularly well with Siemens because it requires not only experience in the primary wind and solar technology but also in the complementary technologies such as power grids and switchboard. Which have traditionally been strong business field for the company. Nuclear energy: 1.Nuclear reactors are the strongest power plants possible and the most economically feasible 2. Recently Siemens has taking up its nuclear activities anew and is expending to become involved in international agreements. With Siemens becoming a potential new partner in the Russian market that holds dozen of new sectors and china that have plans to have 100 new reactors in operation or under construction by 2020 Hydrophone: 1. Harnessing the power of ocea n waves has attracted significant attention since ocean cover 71% of the earth surface. 2.US department of energy established the hydrophone program, designed to conduct R&D that will improve the technical, societal and environmental benefits of hydrophone and provide cost competitive technologies. Geothermal power: 1. This technology has a major advantage that it can be installed wherever energy is actually needed. Geothermal plants require minimal fresh water and external fuel pupils, and due to their layout are highly scalable. Smart grids: 2. Smart grid technology seems to be a natural opportunity for Siemens, based on the company's long history with electronic technology and products.Wolfgang Then believes that the market for smart grids will increase due to climate change and economic stimulus programs. 4) Threats: 1) Carbon-based fuel amount to 39% of Siemens profits, facing the reality that fossil fuel are finite, supplies will eventually run out, it Just a matter of when. T he threat is that Siemens contingency plan in renewable energy consist of 11% of its profit. ) Alternative energy: Most alternative energy creation methods have one major drawback: they can generate energy only in places were natures provide the required energy input.Wind energy The size of the wind turbine is not scalable due to technological constraints. To increase capacity, multiple wind turbines there for must be spread out over large distance from one another. Densely populated urban areas do not have adequate space to house wind parks, and rural areas have expressed annoyance with the patterns and agriculture productivities. Wind turbines possess limited efficiency. Wind turbines require large and highly specialized assembly facilities. The first ever float turbines main concerns are the durability and maintenance of the equipment against aggressive environmental condition at sea. Siemens is considering to utilize its size, contingency, competency, and cutting edge technology to further increase its market share and global footprint in wind energy. The question is whether wind energy will turn out to be the leading alternative technology, and if it does, whether wind technologies alone can generate enough profit to keep Siemens aloft. Solar energy Like wind energy solar power most be extracted were it occurs naturally.Solar panels have a low efficiency. Reaching only about 25% under optimal laboratory conditions. Solar panels due too China has become the leader manufacturer of low-cost Combination of cheap labor and available industrial infrastructure; it drove prices Down by almost The method of disposing of nuclear waste in old caves and salt mind is not 100% safe, in addition there has been reports of increased leukemia rates in areas close to nuclear reactors, changes in the micrometer due to the vast amount of steam released into the atmosphere.Hydrophone: For the technology to work, the seashore needs to be flat with only a slight slope, and requi res long stretches of littoral waters. Also tide turbines are restricted to uninhabited beaches, since moving parts under the water surface, can create hazards for swimmers, water sports, and coastal ships. Some drawbacks to wave power include the efficiency of current application necessary resistance against hostile environment (storms and salt water corrosion), cost of electricity, possible impact on marine life, and hazards to shipping. ) Candidates such as geothermal energy and hydra power, not to mention next generation nuclear reactor have evolved quite rapidly in recent years and seem poised to pose a serious threat to wind and solar applications, Siemens most relied upon alternative energy source. 4) Siemens is considering multiple options as its gateway from the problem and has to place some significant bets. If Siemens bets badly, the company risks being relegated to the sidelines as newer, more innovator firms squeeze slower-moving incumbents out of the market.Ill) PEST A nalysts: 1) Political/Regulatory/Legal: l. Politician from the US and Germany 2 of the biggest industrialized countries in the world are supporting the development of alternative energy. II. A group of 20 Coos recommendations to 68 leaders in their 2008 climate policy: A paradigm shift to low technological innovation, this will open the door for new energy companies to enter the market Ill. Combined with a growing global awareness of the impact of green-house gases on climate change as well as increased concerns regarding energy security.Energy issues are now receiving renewed interest from government and corporation alike. IV. President Obama visited the wind-turbine blade factory in Fort Medicine, Iowa to show his support receiving importing political recognition. V. Producing industrial- call wind turbines requires large and highly specialized assembly facilities. The entry-level barriers are high. VI. The effort of Siemens research in nuclear energy were put on hold in the sass when the German government passed a law that would gradually withdraw the country from nuclear-power generation.However Germany is reconsidering this decision. The German parliamentary election 2009 spawned new hopes that the German nuclear industry might be revalidated. VI'. Russia, China and the US are in the market producing and licensing multiple new nuclear reactor (12, 100, 35 respectively) . VIII. Siemens was recently plagued by a bribery scandal and because the US and the EX. Have lows that make such business practice illegal, Siemens was sentenced to 1. 6 billion in finds by the German and the US authorities. However bribery is commonplace in countries such as Nigeria, Russia and China. ) Economic: l. The prices of oil have been trending upward in recent decades. Crude oil prices spiked at an old-time high of $145. 15 per barrel on July 3 2008(up from $50 only 18 month earlier). II. Solar panels have reached a production cost of less than $1 per k output. Ill. US are Jumpin g the band wagon partly because they believe that millions of new green Jobs may help to reduce high unemployment. ‘V. Chinese companies are entering strongly to the wind energy and solar market due to a combination of cheap labor and available industrial infrastructure.China drove prices of solar panels down by almost 50% from 2008 to 2009. V. The Obama administration set a side funding to build smart-grid technologies as part of its recent economic stimulus plan. 3) Social/Cultural: l. Social awareness of the impact of green-house gases on climate change as well as increased concerns regarding energy security. II. Burning of fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide(CO into the atmosphere, which has linked to global warming. In addition many cities have become contaminated by smoke and people are suffering health problems caused by increased pollution.Ill. US government believes that investing in alternative energy will create millions of new green Jobs. IV. Rural areas have expre ssed annoyance of the sound made by wind turbines as well as their interference with wildlife migratory patterns and agricultural productivity. V. Nuclear power has serious limitations issues include nuclear accidents like Coherently and Fuchsia and how to store nuclear products which can be harmful to any living organism. L. New alternatives-energy technologies are Wing to replace carbon-based fossil fuels. II.Better materials have enabled specialized companies to build ever-larger wind turbines and new improved solar panels though increasing efficiency and reducing cost. (example: the 3. 6 mm wind turbine, first-ever floating wind turbine, cost efficient Chinese solar panel, turnkey high-tech solar plants). Ill. R in various companies has spurred immense efforts to find optimal ways not Just to capture but also to store and distribute energy generated from natural resources. IV. US department of energy recently announced 40 million dollar in founding to support design and planning work for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NSP).V. Harnessing the power of the ocean waves has attracted significant attention since oceans cover 71% of the earth surface. Furthermore the US department of energy established the hydrophone program designed to conduct R that will improve the technical, societal and environmental benefits of hydrophone and provide cost competitive technologies. VI. The new smart grid technology include self-monitoring ND possibly self-repairing capabilities, smart sensors and meters, and a communication network similar to the internet. V) Competitive Analysis: 1) New Market Entrants: l. A paradigm shift to low carbon economy by 2050 has a potential to drive forward the next chapter of technological innovation, this will open the door for new energy companies to enter the market. II. Since the market of wind energy has high future potential new players are entering the competition most notably from china and In recent years China has become the leadin g manufacturer and global Japan. Ill. Exporter of low-cost solar panels. V.Concerning the nuclear energy I-J, Japan, Taiwan, south scoria and India are difficult market to inter because they possess their own technology and production capabilities and for security reasons. V. Start-ups are investing significant resources in R to engage in smart-grid technologies (2 of these start-ups, Grid Point and Silver Spring Network, have managed to raise $220 million and $170 million, respectively). 2) Supplier Power: l. Sound and wind will not cease to exist within a time frame significant to humanity.II. One of the attractions of wind power and solar turnkey COPS plans is that, once installed, the turbines need constant maintenance which means lucrative long-term service contrast for the original maker and installer of the equipment. Ill. Smart distribution will greatly reduce the current problems with power demands, and can serve to integrate both tradition and alternative energy into a com mon power supply and distribution network. 3) Buyer Power: K made this market perfectly competitive. II.Knowing that energy from carbon based fuel is still at disposal and at constant price competition in this market will remain high which will give consumer a buying power. 4) Product Technology Development: . Introduction off new 3. 6-Mm wind turbine featuring a 120-meter diameter rotor equipped with 58. 5-meter long rotor blades. First ever wind turbine off the coast of Norway II. The turnkey high-tech solar plans include SSP (concentrated solar power) and CISCO (integrated solar combined cycle system) plants. Ill. The next generation nuclear power plant (NSP). IV. Technologies in hydrophone (e. . , the Appeals Wave Energy Converter) to harness the power of ocean waves. V. The smart grids technologies that will help to avoid power outages, make the grid more reliable, reduce maintenance and save energy. VI. Craig Veneer a key figure in decoding of the human genome, actually view a lgae as the most promising path in renewable energy source. These microscopic plant cells are present in an infinite supply and can generate energy quickly effectively and in an environmental friendly manner. 5) Competitive Rivalry: l. Siemens leading competitors are ABA, GE and Lastly.Never less it is always intriguing to meet in the same room and talk about collaborative ways to improve worldwide energy efficiency. II. GE launched a multimillion dollar accommodation initiative to leverage its wide-ranging technological capabilities to address problem in he green-energy arena. Ill. Enron (Germany) and Vestals (Denmark) is the major competitor of wind energy in the U and GE in US. While China and Japan are also trying to enter the market in Asia. IV. Rivalry within the solar energy market is strong and almost perfectly competitive.V) Gap Analysis: 1) Customer Gap: One example of a customer gap that may be facing Siemens is when they introduce their floating wind turbine. This gap wi ll expand if the durability and maintenance costs exceed its value. Trying to close this gap Siemens is now testing this technology to evaluate whether it is feasible or not. 2) Provider Gap 1 (Listening Gap): Cutting down the number of sector from 1 dozen to Just 3 helped Siemens close down its listening gap by concentrating on fewer divisions, moreover the energy market is a very complicated buyer and seller will exchange all the details before the buying process is done.It's so difficult to find a listening gap in this market. 3) Provider Gap 2 (Design & Standards Gap): understand customer requirements and the presence of upper management in all transactions ( buying and selling ) to improve focus on customer requirements 4) Provider gap 3 (performance ) Turnkey COPS plants and wind turbines need a long term service provider for Constant maintenance. Siemens will try to narrow this gap by providing a on-duty engineers to maintain a standard in all its plants.In addition working o n the new developed Smart-grid will help ensure a positive outcome and narrow this Gap. 5) Provider Gap 4 (Communication Gap): Siemens claimed to be the only company worldwide that support customers with efficient products, solutions, and know-how along the entire chain of energy conversion from the production of oil and gas to power generation and the transmission and distribution of electrical energy. To narrow its communication AP Siemens must maintain these standards and deliver a price competitive product and services.VI) Alternative Courses of Action: The question raised by Siemens is what to do and where to invest? Do they try to improve their current alternative energy projects? Or try to expand to different sources? Will it be efficient to invest in new alternatives source or acquire smaller companies with innovative technologies and promising market segment? 1) Alternative one: Increase investment in research of the algae plant that shows a promising path. Disadvantages: i t might turn out to be Just rubbish and all investments made could e lost.Advantages: Siemens could be a first mover in this field of renewable efficient and environmental friendly energy source, which could change the world as we know it. 2) Alternative two: Increase further its footprint in the wind market by introducing multiple giant and floating turbines. Disadvantages: it might turn out to be inefficient compared to its coast and maintenance and another first mover in some other field might be more efficient and resourceful. Advantages: by increasing its footprint in the wind market Siemens will remain the only leader and increase its market share. Alternative three: Giving wind energy its rightful share but increasing investment in solar panels by acquiring new research companies that are currently working on making new improvement in the solar business one kind has a (microscopic forest) that collects liquid water to produce steam. Advantages: Siemens will insure that the in vestment will pay off on the long run knowing that the sun is there for another 5 billion years. Disadvantages: the initial gains on this technology might not be realized under the Siemens name. W) Recommended Course of Action: Our recommendation lies on the 3rd alternative.VIII) Reason for Choice: By giving wind energy its rightful share and nuclear power a miner share, focusing on solar source innovation is a very desirable choice knowing that first sun is infinite secondly solar panels are very cost efficient which will give a higher ROE than any other source of energy and finally it is environmental friendly and social acceptable. Recommendations: a. What should be done? Siemens should retain all its work flow and progress but focus more on energy coming from the sun as this energy will be the a panacea for the world's economy as well as environmental concerns.

Employees with work

The study will analyze he motivating factors that inspire employees to start working and why workers build a career with a small business. The investigation will also explore Job satisfaction and why do employees waste company time completing personal tasks at work. Data was analyzed to determine was there a relation among the variable. The result of the study decided whether the hypothesis(s) are supported or rejected.Final Project: Survey Methods Introduction This study was implemented to measure employees' motivational factors that include job satisfaction and employees' dedication to performing tasks at work and remaining loyal to their employer. The data collected would make a determination to what factors are successful, what factors need to be eliminated, and what factors should be put in practice in the future. The study was conducted by sending questionnaires to several small businesses in Greenville, MS. Several types of organizations were utilized that provided different t ype of service and products.The questionnaire had two parts. The first part of the questionnaire was utilized to measure factors that motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer, dedication to their Job, and Job satisfaction. The second part of the questionnaire measured do employees waste company time doing personal tasks. Management / Problem Statement Motivated employees assists organizations to operate efficiently. When employees are not properly motivated, worker are dissatisfied and have low moral. Workers not motivated properly also leads to low quality services and high Job turn over ratio, which leads to the loss of revenue.Motivated employees benefit all organizations. Workers that are inspired require less supervision from their managers. Manager's interaction will be more of co worker transaction verses a superior transaction. This incept would lead the workers to believe that the manager cares more about the employees, which in return will motivate the employee more. Purpose Statement The purpose of the study is to investigate the factors that inspire workers employed by small businesses, with 5 years or less service and 5 years of more services, to remain loyal to their employer.Some small businesses do not have the benefit packages and the retirement plans to offer their employees. Managers of these organizations are faced with the challenge of motivating employees to make a career in their organization. This study will show what forces drives an employee to work or a small business and to make a career at the organization. RSI: (ONE SENTENCE) What motivates workers employed by small businesses, with 5 and less years of service and with 5 and more years of services, to remain loyal to their employer?Investigative Questions The investigative questions for this study Does boredom of not having anything to do in life motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does accomplishment motivate employees to remain loyal to their employ er? Does recognition motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does a salary motivate employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does the fear of not finding another Job motivates employees to remain loyal to their employer? Does job satisfaction permits employer to remain loyal to their employer?Because employees are allowed to waste company time doing personal task why employees remain loyal to their employer. Hypotheses (as needed for quantitative or mixed method research) The null hypotheses for this study: HOI : There is no relation between boredom of not having anything to do in life and employees remaining loyal to their employer. HUH: There is no relation between accomplishment and employees remaining loyal to their employer. HUH: There is no elation between recognition and employees remaining loyal to their employer HUH: There is no relation between salary and employees remaining loyal to their employer.HOST: There is no relation of the fear of not finding ano ther Job and employees remaining loyal to their employer? HUH: There is no relation of Job satisfaction why employees remain loyal to their employer? HUH: There is no relation of employees permitted to waste company time doing personal task why employees remain loyal to their employer. Brief Theoretical Framework Brief Conceptual framework The study will be a descriptive research and a casual comparative study. Early theories of motivation and current theories of motivation will be utilized to explain the study.One of the early theories, Moscow Hierarchy of Needs, implies that employees are motivated based on needs being fulfilled such as biological, shelter (Moscow, 1954). One of the latest theory, The Four Drive Theory Models suggest that one of the reasons that employees are motivated because acquire and achieve (Lawrence and Naira,2002) Construct definitions and variables The variables that will be analyzed for this research study are the variables that motivates employees to re main loyal to the organization.The variables are boredom thou a Job, fear of not finding another Job, salary from the Job, accomplishment from the Job, recognition on the Job, Job satisfaction from the Job, and allowed to waste company time by completing personal tasks at work. Construct validity will occur as described as following: â€Å"is demonstrated when scores obtained from a measure are directly related to the variable itself Reflects how close the measure relates to the construct (height and weight example) in one sense, construct validity is achieved by repeatedly demonstrating every other type of validity' (Arbor, 2006).The variables will be measured utilizing the Liker Scale. The variables will be assigned a value of 1-5. After the variables are measured, the data will be analyzed using Pearson Correlation and Test. The study will show is there a correlation among the variables, how the dependent variables influence the dependent variables, and is there a relation among the two focus groups. Methodology Overview Quantitative study is appropriate for this research because it permits the researcher to list as following because it allows for a broader study, involving a greater number of subjects, and enhancing the generalization of the results.Quantitative study also allows for greater objectivity and accuracy of results. Generally, quantitative methods are designed to provide summaries of data that support generalizations about the phenomenon under study. In order to accomplish this, quantitative research usually involves few variables and many cases, and employs prescribed procedures to ensure validity and reliability; applying well-established standards means that the research can be replicated, and then analyzed and compared with similar studies. The quantitative study also summarize vast sources of information and make comparisons across categories and over time (Pogo, 2007).Survey questionnaire will be utilized to the research study. The surve y will consist of 30 questions pertaining to workers' Job relation. The surveys will be emailed to the participants. The target population will consist of workers from small businesses. Organizations such as medical clinics, pharmacies, grocery stores, cleaners, and other small businesses. The participants will be chosen using purposive sample. After the surveys are received the data will be collected, analyzed, and transformed to Microsoft Excel. Each survey will be coded with an assigned number. Ordinal scale then will be used to measure ND validate the data.The data then will be calculated using SPAS software. The data then will be analyzed to either support or reject the hypothesis. Abridged Literature Review Discuss the key literature you have already searched on this topic†¦ Give us the highlights of previous research- 2 – 3 key authors or previous studies. One to two pages is enough. Taylor (1911) believed that motivating employees involved paying employees' wages and controlling the employees because workers do not enjoy working. Taylor and his colleagues discovered that motivation is significant component of comprehending human behavior.Taylor Motivation Theory was based on that employees will be motivating by awarding them with training on the Job, pay for outstanding Job performance, employee assortment method, and Job planning (Taylor, 1911). But scientists have a different aspect of motivation. Mayo (1933) & Rotisseries and Dickson (1929) stated research concluded that people social needs had to be met for employees to be motivated. Employees had to be treated as human beings and not Just workers. Workers not treated fairly resulted in low moral (Mayo, 1993, & Rotisseries & Dickson 1929). Moscow (1954) proposed that titivation were based on fives needs.The theory is known as Moscow Hierarchy of Needs. The theory is illustrated by using a pyramid with five levels. Moscow (1954) stated that when one level of need is satisfied, another le vel of need has to be satisfied for that person to continue to stay motivated. The needs then continue in cycle to keep the person motivated (Moscow, 1943). The five needs are as following: 1. â€Å"Physiological needs – home , food 2. Safety needs – security on the Job, protection 3. Social needs – clubs and membership societies, family. 4. Esteem needs – lifestyle, recognition, promotion, 5. Self-Actualization needs – successful† (Moscow, 1943 & Moscow, 1954).Herbert Motivation Theory is very significant in comprehending the relation between employers and employees. Herbert (1959) stated the factors that motivate people in their organization totally oppose what displease employees at work. The theory consists of two needs hygienic needs and motivation factors (Herbert, 1968). The hygienic needs are listed as following: 1 . Policy 2. Relationship with supervisor 3. Work conditions 4. Salary 5. Company car 6. Status 7. Security 8. Relationsh ip with subordinates 9. Personal life The motivation factors are as following: . Achievement 2. Recognition 3. Work itself 4. Responsibility 5.Advancement Herrings research concluded that money along was not a motivator. Salaries were ranked low as a factor that motivated employees to work. Employees want promotions and opportunity to advance in companies. The study also proposed that employees were more satisfied with opportunities and recognitions. Herbert Theory is considered one of the most important theories out of the motivation theories (Herbert, 1954, Herbert, 1968, & Gazelle, 1997). Current Work on Motivation Theories David McClellan, a psychologist, created the motivation need theory. McClellan believed Mascots theory was exhausted by people values and social issues.The research that the psychologist conducted concluded that Moscow theory was an assumption and not proven (Shih, 1999). The theory consists of three motivation needs. The three needs are as following: 1 . Achi evement motivation 2. Authority/power motivation 3. Affiliation motivation (McClellan, 1961). McClellan (1961) stated that achievement motivation is one of the major factors that motivate people. Employees that achieve success and become managers and build a career at a company are usually the ones that get things done (McClellan, 1961). Victory Broom developed a motivation theory in 1964 known as the Expectancy Theory.The theory approached motivation from a different perspective from Moscow and Herbert (Broom, 1964). The theory is based on that the employees are motivated by rewards. The employees perform well because the results will result in better benefits. The employees are not motivated by individual performance, but by the results of the Jobs. The employees understand that skills, resources, and information are the essentials for better performance (Abdul-Zee, Airwomen, Dropout, 2011). Lawrence and Naira (2002) stated that employees are motivated ruptures wages and payment.T he perspective is known as the Four Drive Theory Model. The four drives are listed as following: 1 . Acquire and Achieve -base pay 2. Bond & Belong- company employee 3. Challenged and Comprehend- learning the Job 4. Define and Defend-company culture Sample Overview Population The population used for this research study will consist of workers that are employed by Small business owners. Several small businesses located in Greenville, MS will be used for the study. (House. Gob, 2013) Sampling frame Employees from various types of small businesses that offer different type of rodents and services.Workers with 5 and less years of service and workers with 5 and more years of service. Both genders also will be utilized for the study. In using 93 % with ay % margin of error, 200 participants have to be utilized. In using survey, the expected rate of return is about 10 %. To obtain this rate 2000 surveys will be e- mailed out (Pogo, 2007). Desired sample Purposive Sampling will be utilized to choose the members of the population. Purposive sampling is used because the researcher has knowledge of the small businesses in Greenville, MS (Pogo, 2007). Ethical ConsiderationsIn conducting a research study, researcher have to practice ethical principles. In using people to participate in a study to obtain personal information, examiners have to ensure the participants that their personal information will be protected. In conducting research some of the critical ethical questions related to my survey and my methodology and protecting participants are listed as following: 1 . What are the main ethical issues in a research study obtaining personal information from people? The researcher should ensure the safety of the participants. The research will not harm them in anyway.Also informed the participants that a consent form will be provided to them and is required to obtain information. Finally informed the participants that their information will be kept confidential (Groves et al. , 2009). 2. What are the components of an ethically valid informed consent for research? Major components of an ethically valid informed consent for research are listed as following: A. Disclosure. The participants must know what the research study is a about. B. Understanding. The participants must be able to comprehend the survey and allowed to ask questions about the study. C. Voluntaries.

Blacks Struggle To Reach American Dream Essay

, Research PaperStruggle for the American Dream The American Dream is what Americans want out of life. It consists of people # 8217 ; s household programs, calling programs, and the type of life style they want to populate. Lorraine Hansberry wrote the drama, A Raisin in the Sun, in 1958. A Raisin in the Sun provides many good illustrations of inkinesss fighting to accomplish their American Dreams. The drama Tells of a household, the Youngers, who want the American Dream. The characters Mama, Ruth, Walter, and Beneatha all show how they attempt to carry through their single dreams ; they struggle through racism, differing positions, and money jobs ( severally ) . Mama and Ruth both had dreams of traveling out of the ghetto and traveling to a better vicinity. Mama truly wanted to travel out so her household could be happier. She was driven to utilize the insurance money from Big Walter # 8217 ; s decease to purchase a house, alternatively of puting it into spirits like Walter wanted to. This is shown in Mama # 8217 ; s Act I statement, # 8220 ; Well-whether they drinks it or non ain # 8217 ; t none of my concern. But whether I go into concern selling it to # 8216 ; em is, and I don # 8217 ; t want that on my leger this late in life # 8221 ; ( p.42 ) . Ruth was split between desiring to travel out or to put the money like Walter wanted to. She was really happy though when Mama announced that she had bought a house. Ruth was really unfastened in denoting her felicity excessively, # 8220 ; Well-well! -All I can state is-if this is my clip in life-MY TIME-to say adieu so I say it loud and good, HALLELUJAH! AND GOOD-BYE MISERY I DON # 8217 ; T NEVER WANT TO See YOUR UGLY FACE AGAIN! # 8221 ; ( p.94 ) . Ruth truly wants to acquire out of the ghetto because it has merely provided her with wretchedness and sadness, she thinks now is her clip to be happy. Mama and Ruth besides had to defy attempts from Mr. Linder to maintain inkinesss from traveling into Clybo urne Park. Linder and the people of Clybourne Park were racist and afraid of inkinesss traveling into and polluting their vicinity. After hearing what Linder has to state, the household is even more content on traveling into Clybourne Park to demo that they aren # 8217 ; T afraid. Then there is Walter and his struggle with Mama and Ruth about what to make with the money. Walter Younger # 8217 ; s American Dream is to be rich and live an excessive life like the people for which he chauffeurs. He wants to utilize the insurance money from his pa # 8217 ; s decease to put in a spirits shop in Springfield. Willy Harris, Bobo, and Walter all program on puting 10 thousand dollars each into the shop. Walter and Mama have differing positions about what to make with the money because he wants to put in liquor alternatively of purchasing the house. Mama is dead set against the whole spirits shop thought. This is shown in Act II when she says, # 8221 ; there ain # 8217 ; t gon na be no inv estment in N o spirits stores† ( p.70 ) . This leaves Walter really unhappy because his dreams have been crushed, â€Å"So you butchered up a dream of mine-you-who ever speaking ’bout your children’s dreams † ( p.95 ) . Mama refused to even listen to Walter’s thought, she wouldn’t have him speaking about puting in spirits in her â€Å"house† . After they buy the house for 35 hundred dollars, Mama trusts Walter to take the remainder to the bank for him and Beneatha to divide. She talks to him one dark about how he’s the adult male of the house and should hold more say in how things are done. She tells him to take the staying 65 hundred to the bank and set it in separate histories for him and Beneatha. Alternatively of traveling to the bank like he was supposed to, Walter used the staying 65 hundred dollars to put in the shop. He finds out subsequently that Willy ran off with all the money, and there is none left. Beneatha is dumb when she find s out all their money is gone. Mama is really huffy at him, particularly since he broke her trust. This causes the household to rethink the thought of purchasing a house because they don’t have any other money now that Walter lost it. Beneatha # 8217 ; s American Dream is to travel to school and go a physician after college. When she was younger, she and her friends used to travel sleighing down the ice-covered rock stairss of people # 8217 ; s houses. One twenty-four hours her friend, Rufus, split his face open on the pavement and had to travel to the infirmary. The following twenty-four hours the physicians had fixed him all up. This event is what inspired Beneatha to go a physician when she grew up. This is shown in an Act II conversation with Agasai, # 8220 ; I ever thought it was the one concrete thing in the universe that a human being could make. Repair up the ill # 8221 ; ( p. 133 ) . After Willy Harris bargains their money, she begins to halt lovingness. Beneatha starts believing that her dream wasn # 8217 ; t deep plenty and that it was a kid # 8217 ; s manner of seeing life. The drama, A Raisin in the Sun, is a good beginning of illustrations of inkinesss non carry throughing their dreams. In the drama, the Younger household struggles to accomplish the American Dream. Mama and Ruth fight off racism from the people of Clybourne Park although they do finally carry through their dream of traveling into a house. Walter and Bennie struggled with their dreams, but they didn # 8217 ; t carry through them. Because of Willy Harris running off with the money, Beneatha didn # 8217 ; Ts have money to inscribe into medical school and prosecute a calling in the medical field. It has now been 40 old ages since the clip of the drama and most African Americans are still fighting to accomplish the American Dreams of freedom and equality. Unfortunately, there are still people like Mr. Linder that are racist and that think they are superior to inkinesss because they are white.

Organisational behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organisational behaviour - Essay Example In any case, behavior of an organization plays a vital role in determining the job satisfaction of its employees. Organizations are operating from different platforms and management styles. Participatory of democratic management is followed in some organizations whereas autocratic or totalitarian management styles are followed in other organizations. Employees in a democratic organization may have better job satisfaction compared to the employees in an autocratic organization. Only the satisfied employees deliver maximum efficiency or output to an organization. In short, job satisfaction is directly proportional to the level of performances of the employees. Job satisfaction and performance of an organization â€Å"Human resource management takes the theories and principles studied in OB and explores the â€Å"nuts-and-bolts† applications of those principles in organizations (What Is Organizational Behavior? N.d. p.7). HR department has an important role in determining the pe rformances of the employees and the performances of the organization. Even though an organization may have many resources such as material, machineries, money etc, man power seems to be the most important one. It should be noted that human supervision is necessary for the mobilization of all the other organizational resources. Mobilization or utilization of organizational resources such as material, money and machineries takes place in an efficient manner only when the employees handling these resources have enough job satisfaction. In short, effective utilization of organizational resources is heavily dependent on the job satisfaction of the employees. According to Soviet economists and social scientists, ‘job satisfaction studies are irrelevant in a society in which workers own the production means†(Braveman, 1974, p.10). The above principle may be true in the case of organizations operating in communist countries. Since private capital is not allowed in communist coun tries, employees may work mechanically in such countries. However, the cases of employees in capitalist or democratic countries are entirely different. Employees get material or financial gains, if they perform well in organizations in the capitalist economies. Moreover, they have more freedom and liberties than the employees in communist countries. Therefore, they can easily adjust (increase or decrease) their output while working in an organization operating in a democratic country. It should be noted that such employees have the freedom for forming trade unions to fight against injustices of the employers. In short, employees in a democratic organization, operating in a democratic country, can definitely change gears from top to bottom or bottom to top, based on the treatment they receive from the employers. Employees may develop lot of suspicion or cynicism while working as part of an organization. Rumors and propagandas are common in the organizational world and these things ca n affect the productivity of the employees negatively. For example, the managers of Apple Inc. warn its employees that the company is more interested in employability rather than employment security (Qumer, 2009, p.7). Such warnings always create cynicism among the employees. â€Å"Cynical employees have the impression that they are autonomous, but they still practice the corporate rituals nonetheless† (Fleming &Spicer, 2003, p.157). However, such rituals under pressure may not derive the full productivity

Rhetorical Analysis Essay #3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rhetorical Analysis #3 - Essay Example Due to it, readers are expected to trust the author, perceive him as reliable and informed. Moreover, appeal to pathos is mostly received by the choice of a language and the imagery used to describe the situation. Firstly, the author describes the situation in dark colors saying that workers are â€Å"forced to work making pennies per hour† and intimidated from expressing their will. (Ravisankar) Working extra hours and having no break is a norm for such people, including children. They work for pennies and their living conditions will continue to aggravate. Secondly, the choice of the emotionally –charged language, such as â€Å"oppression†, â€Å"abhorrent†, â€Å"extreme heat† helps to achieve the intended and cause empathy. (Ravisankar) Importantly, the topic itself touches upon such issues as poverty, unfair working conditions, and lack of justice that makes the rich become richer and the poor – poorer. Subsequently, readers are receptive to the message being sent as they sympathize with workers and feel sorry for them. In addition, the appeal to logos is also evident. The author states the problem is details, explaining what is wrong with sweatshops, who benefits from them, and what is their essence as a whole: â€Å"they are taking part in a phenomenon which has been described as â€Å"the race to the bottom†. (Ravisankar) Apart from that, Ravisankar suggests the possible solution that calls for participation of all the students eager to change the situation. As a whole, the argument looks credible and

CDBM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

CDBM - Essay Example influenced by: the country’s accession to the WTO; economic development; creation of a middle class; Westernized culture; and technological advancements like the internet. The industry players have been prompt in taking into account the social and cultural diversity issues in the country through their efforts in creating an efficient marketing mix and adding value added features to suit the need of every possible market segment. However, this can be further enhanced by the employment of strategies which recognizes the different profiles of customers in each key cities and emphasizing on the promotion of health benefits from coffee products. The existence and mere survival of an industry lies in its ability to efficiently respond to the internal and external influences. It is irrefutable that business organizations’ strategies mirror their unique responses to the external challenges and opportunities in the environment which, in turn, is facilitated by their internal resources and competences. This paper will concentrate on the responses of the China specialty coffee industry to the various internal and external influences that it currently faces. Recognizing that this sector can be properly examined through the use of different strategic management tools, this report will be utilizing famous technique PEST Analysis for the external environment scanning. Meanwhile, the internal environment will be assessed through the identification of its various stakeholders through the Porter’s Five Forces Model. The next section will focus on the Chinese specialty coffee market responses in the face of social and cultural diversity. This report will thoroughly examine the impact of the social and cultural trends in the industry’s strategies while assessing the efficacy if their responses. Lastly, recommendations for improvement will be identified. Gaining the traditional recognition of being a tea country, marketers are aggressively and strategically transforming

Work Health Safety Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Work Health Safety Act - Essay Example The Work Health and Safety Act can only be effectively maintained in a workplace with coordination from HR personnel and also incorporating this act into business operations. The NT regulators of this act are responsible for the overall regulation of the key objectives of this act in every territory or region. The Work Health and Safety Act in the Northern Territory in Australia have the major responsibility of regulating all the territories in this region. The main objective of this act is ensure safety and health of workers at the workplace, electrical safety, to provide protection to the workers against dangerous goods, and focuses on worker’s compensation and rehabilitation. The WHS act was majorly formulated so that the workers can be given a workplace atmosphere that is not only full of harmony but takes care about smaller aspects related to the workers (Mayhew, 2007, pp. 67-68). The objectives can be further extended such as the first main objective of this act is to secure the welfare, health and safety factor of all the individuals who are a part of an organization. It prohibits any organization from over exploiting workers or rather does not take active measures towards the health and safety of the workers (Loewenson, 2001, pp. 94-95). The second objective of this act is to protect the lives of those workers who can be subjected to various risky activities that can take place in the workplace. The other objective of this Act is to control the use, acquiring and also keeping stocks of flammable or highly explosive substances in the workplace. This objective mainly takes into consideration the safety of the workers that should be treated as one of the priorities by an organization (Sherriff and Tooma, 2010, pp. 72-73). The next objective of the legislative act is to provide protective facilities and guidelines and also to have

The Waldens Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Waldens Freedom - Essay Example Thoreau believes that without the demands of modern life, people can be free to develop themselves as individuals. Buckner believes that the most important message of Walden is â€Å"to call people to freedom as individuals.† She stresses: â€Å"One looks at nature in order to learn about oneself; one simplifies one’s life in order to have time to develop the self fully; one must honor one’s uniqueness if one is to know full self-realization† (Buckner 4). Thoreau recommends to others that they should live simpler lives for them to be happier. A simpler life away from material needs exemplifies the idea of peace. Nature itself is filled with peace, which is the symbol of inner peace of mind. Thoreau cries out for a simplified life: â€Å"Simplicity, simplicity, simplicity! I say, let your affairs be as two or three, and not a hundred or a thousand; instead of a million count half a dozen, and keep your accounts on your thumb-nail† (Thoreau 395). He a rgues that a simpler life has fewer goals and priorities. People living in the woods can definitely trim their accounts to the bare minimum essentials of life. In modern life, this can refer to living simply, such using cash instead of several credit cards, so that one’s lifestyle becomes equal to one’s income. Living simply also entails eating the natural way, such as through cooked â€Å"real† food and not processed food and avoiding eating out, because dining out can be expensive when done on a daily basis. These practices will lead to a simple life with no more financial troubles.

Process vs Product Drama in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Process vs Product Drama in Education - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the concepts of Process vs. Product Drama in education are eloquently and meaningfully described in detail by numerous theorists and educational drama practitioners. From Way to Heathcote to O’Toole, process and product drama are explored in order to explain intrinsic freedoms of expression of the process and meaningful designs/constructs of product and/or performance. Authors and educational drama practitioners Gustave J. Weltsek-Medina, Ph.D., Adam Blatner, MD, and Daniel Weiner, Ph.D. have written a stimulating account of the debatable, dialectic, dramatic concepts in â€Å"Interactive and Improvisational Drama; Varieties of Applied Theatre and Performance. An excerpt from the book defines Process Drama in the thought-provoking Chapter 9: Process Drama in Education: Explaining its Methods. â€Å"When one engages in Process Drama, the potential exists for a heightened sense of self-reflexivity. Process Drama is foremost a si tuation immersed in experiential knowledge and an experience of Living Through. Individual freedom is allowed to, not only explore ideas but to also provide the space to explore ideologies. A participant must reflect upon fictional situations and tap into her or his own set of social signifiers as a means to interpret the moment. The creation of the moment rests upon the immediate experiences of those involved as they reflect, act, and interact with one another as they live with and through the fictional moment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

Cross site scripting Essay Example for Free

Cross site scripting Essay Cross-site scripting is form vulnerability for computer security which mainly occurs in web applications that accept injection of code by web users who happen to be malicious; such users inject the code into various web pages that are used by other web users. The most common codes that are usually injected by malicious web users include scripts of client side and HTML codes. Cross site scripting (XSS) vulnerability which is exploited is usually used by attackers for by passing the certain access controls, a good example of such bypass is a policy of the same origin. XSS originated from the fact that it is possible for a malicious web site to be loaded into another window or frame and then write or read data using java script on other web sites (Rafail, 2001). Cross site scripting vulnerabilities XSS vulnerabilities have been well exploited to come up with very powerful browser exploits and phishing attacks. XSS performed on websites were about eighty percent of all the recorded securities as indicated by the 2007 statistics. In most cases of attack every thing looks to be in order as far as the end users are concerned, but they are finally subjected to access which is not authorized, financial loss and loss of sensitive data (Rafail, 2001). The cross site scripting can be primarily be categorized into two: reflected and stored. But there is another type of cross site scripting which is not widely known, called DOM. The stored refer to those codes that once injected are stored in the target servers permanently. They can remain permanently in the message forum, database comment field, or in the visitor log. The reflected XSS attacks, are the codes which when injected, the web server is reflected off as a search result, an error message or other forms of responses that may include all or some of the input that was sent to the various servers as request in part. Usually the reflected attacks are sent to the victims through other channels such as electronic mail messages, or through other web servers. Once a user is lured into clicking a link which is malicious or is tricked to submit a form which is specially crafted, the code that has been injected travels via the web server which is vulnerable, the reflected attack is in turn sent back to the browser and the code is then executed as if it originated from a valid server (Rafail, 2001). The consequences of cross site scripting attacks are primarily the same regardless of whether they are DOM based, reflected or stored. The main difference the manner in which the pay load enters the server. Cross site scripting is capable of causing various problems to the end users. The problems range in severity, they can cause annoyance to the end users as well as complete loss of accounts. The most serious attacks of XSS result into disclosure of the users information and data thus giving the attacker to actually hijack the session of the user and thus be in a position to comfortably take over the users accounts. The XSS expose the end users to other damaging attacks such as Trojan programs installations, disclosure of files belonging to the end users, redirecting the web user to other sites or pages, or modification of the contents. A cross site scripting vulnerability that allows the attacker to change certain news item or a press release is capable of affecting the stock price of an organization or decreasing the confidence of the consumer. For example a cross site scripting vulnerability on a site of a pharmaceutical can allow the attacker to alter the information of dosage which might result into over or under dosage (Rafail, 2001). Flaws in an XSS are at times very difficult to establish and get rid of them from web applications. In order to find such flaws, the best method to use is performing a review on the security code and also to perform a thorough search in all possible areas where HTTP input request can easily finds its way into output of the HTML. It is very important to note that various tags of HTML tags can be effectively used in transmission of java scripts which are malicious. Nikto, Nesus plus other tools which are currently available in the market can be used in scanning the websites but they are less effective since they are only capable of scratching the surface and are not capable of eliminating all the flaws in the system (Snake, n. d. ). Preventing XSS attacks Once a web site becomes victim of XSS attack the end user is likely too loose a lot of crucial data and information. It is therefore, very important for people to protect themselves against such attacks. One of the best ways of preventing your self of becoming a victim to an XSS attack is failing to respond to a request that is unsolicited by providing your personal details. Such information should not be provided whether it is over the internet or the phone. Users should know that the internet and e-mail pages that are usually used by the XSS attackers look similar to those used by the legitimate institutions and it might be quite hard to distinguish between the two. So if one believes that the contacts could be valid them they should contact the institution in question themselves. They can do so by either visiting the company’s website and instead of using the provided link one should actually type the address or use a page that you might have book marked earlier. One should initiate the contact using the information that you have verified (Naraine, 2009). Conclusion Cross site scripting is a serious fraudulent activity and once one falls prey to it can end up loosing significantly. It is thus good to increase awareness of such vices so that when people are targeted for such acts they can be able to identify them and subsequently be in a good position to protect them. The end users should also do all that is possible in order to conceal their vital information and ensure that it is only given to the relevant authorities when needed. It is also important to keep scanning their system regularly using valid tools. Reference: Naraine, R. (2009): Phishing without bait: The in-session password theft attack, Retrieved on 1st June 2009 from, http://blogs. zdnet. com/security/? p=2390. Rafail, J. (2001): Cross-Site Scripting Vulnerabilities, Retrieved on 1st June 2009 from, http://www. cert. org/archive/pdf/cross_site_scripting. pdf. Snake, R. (n. d. ): XSS (Cross Site Scripting) Cheat Sheet Esp. : for filter evasion, Retrieved on 1st June 2009 from, http://ha. ckers. org/xss. html.

Impact of Money on Happiness

Impact of Money on Happiness The love of money, as they say, is the root of all evil. Yet money remains an essential commodity in everyday living. It is a universal need that is pursued one way or the other world over. There are several amenities in life that can mostly only be purchased by money; hence the lack of it can speedily reduce an individual, any individual into distress and a state of depression. Money is acquired by several means; for most people of certain ages, to acquire money means to simply work for it. For others of younger and even older ages, their acquisition of money is largely determined by others, such as parents, guardians in the case of younger people or the government, pension and previous investments in the case of the older generation. All in all, money is an essential part of living. It may not necessarily be the most important aspect in life as will be critically examined later on but it most certainly ranks very high indeed on the list. Some might argue that with enough money or a dequate finances, every other aspect of life falls into perspective. Yet it may immediately be counter argued that the term ‘enough money or adequate finances’ is, in itself, a relative one. What constitutes adequate finances, when is a man said to have enough money? Perhaps it is worth mentioning at this juncture the economic theory of supply and demand and vice versa. The more you make, the more you need. Human need is such that can never be fully satisfied. For instance the needs and demands of a toddler differ significantly from that of a teenager as does that of a man in his 20s from that of a family man with children. Is it then possible to quantify one’s overall state of wellbeing by how much wealth the individual has been fortunate enough to acquire? Can money be said to possess the ability of buying or at the very least orchestrating happiness? What, in the first instance, is happiness? While it remains difficult to attribute a specific definition to hha ppiness, it is often referred to as the state of well-being characterised by emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy or emotions experienced when in a state of well-being. The opposite of ‘happiness’ would therefore be ‘sadness’ or to be in a sober mood. Happiness is a robust state of mind that has been pursued by mankind since the stone ages and is as old as man himself. Man as a social being has goals and expectations in life. Such goals and expectations are quite naturally based on individual beliefs, societal or cultural norms as well as personal experiences. It is however safe to surmise that whatever a man’s[1] ambitions, goals, expectations and desires, when these desires and expectations appear to be within easy grasp and ultimately achieved, he will naturally be in a state of well being and experience what is known as happiness. Some of the major contributory factors to happiness include but are by no means limited to the following: Good or optimum state of health Secured and well paid employment Supportive family or friends As pointed out above however, these factors are based on individual concepts of happiness and the means by which this state of mind can be achieved. From the factors above, it becomes increasingly visible that happiness can be analysed from the economic as well as psychological perspectives. According to economists, it is a standard assumption that happiness – individual utility in the economic vocabulary depends on income, leisure and sometimes a few other factors. Yet, although mainstream models would predict that higher income leads to greater happiness, most earlier empirical research has been unable to find a sufficiently strong correlation between subjective well-being and per capita income in rich countries to support the standard utility assumption.[2] In a research carried out in the 90s, it was discovered that even though many, if not all, African countries were classed as under developed societies where poverty assails most of the population, people were still happ ier than others of more substantial means in countries like the United Kingdom and the United States. In a country like Nigeria for instance, the term ‘depression’ was almost a strange expression for many while others who had heard of the world had never even come close to suffering such a low state of mind. Research on the other hand, shows that quite a significant number of patients in the UK suffer depression which is the exact opposite of happiness or a state of bliss and well being. The pursuit of happiness and all it entails has been a goal shared by people world over more than any other goal in the history of mankind. While economics might be associating the pursuit and ultimate capture, so to speak, of this rather elusive blissful state of mind with the accumulation of wealth and material satisfaction, it has been proven in recent times that this may not very well be the case. In fact, a positive association has been shown to hold only at certain points in time within particular countries and not for the group of high-income countries as a whole.[3] The usual explanations given for this paradox are either that people compare themselves with their peers and neighbours[4] or that as incomes increase, so do people’s income aspirations[5]. Both these factors are assumed to be present already at fairly modest levels of per-capita income. However, one recurring problem with previous studies is that conclusions on the absence of an effect of economic performance on well-being have typically been based on either limited cross-sectional samples which may be contaminated by a strong time-constant cultural component[6] or on sparse and incomplete longitudinal data.[7] The unavoidable fact remains that with the accumulation of wealth or any other commodity for that matter, comes more responsibility or need which in turn leads to even more desire for greater accumulation. In that regard, it might be safe to surmise that perhaps wealth or its end less accumulation does not exactly guarantee happiness.[8] For instance, if a man is said to have achieved his goal and been fortunate, lucky or smart enough to secure a fantastic job and comfortable income, if the economist approach on consumer behaviour is accurate, he should be in a blissful state of mind. However there are other factors which need to be considered to determine a man’s state of mind and this is where the psychological and social researches into happiness comes into play. In support of Duesenberry’s paradox, Kenneth Arrow believes that it offered â€Å"one of the most significant contributions of the postwar period to our understanding of economic behaviour†[9] and that it was to be commended for attempting to link economic theory more directly with psychological motivations and with consumer learning processes.[10] Some saw Duesenberrys work as attempting to broaden the theoretical economists horizon.[11] Others like A. C. Pigou, expressed se rious methodological reservations but nonetheless commended the potential significance of the work.[12] In more recent times, there has been a steadily increasing interest on the part of economists in happiness research. It has been argued that reported subjective well-being is a satisfactory empirical approximation to individual utility and that happiness research is able to contribute important insights for economics. It has also been reported how the economic variables such as income, unemployment and inflation affect happiness as well as how institutional factors, in particular the type of government; democracy or dictatorship and the extent of government decentralisation, systematically influence how satisfied individuals are with their life, the effects and some of the consequences for economic policy and for economic theory. Whereas psychologists and sociologists have been researching the concept of happiness for a very long time, the economist approach to happiness is actual ly a more recent approach. Early economists and philosophers, ranging from Aristotle, who promulgated that a happy life is a good complete life and concluded that although happiness is good other things are equally good and important; such things as health and wealth, knowledge and friendship, and a good moral character[13] to Bentham, who formulated that â€Å"happiness is the greatest good†[14] John Stuart Mill, an ardent supporter and disciple of Bentham who agreed that â€Å"†¦. actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness†¦.†[15] have all incorporated the pursuit of happiness in their work. Yet as economics grew more rigorous and quantitative, more parsimonious definitions of welfare took hold. Utility was taken to depend only on income as mediated by individual choices or preferences within a rational individual’s monetary budget constraint. Even within a more orthodox f ramework, focusing purely on income can miss key elements of welfare as numerous economists have noted over time. People have different preferences for material and non-material goods. They may choose a lower paying but more personally rewarding job, for example. The study of happiness or subjective well-being is part of a more general move in economics that challenges these narrow assumptions. Richard Easterlin was one of the first modern economists to re-visit the concept of happiness, beginning in the early 1970s.[16] In economic researches world over, when people are asked relevant questions about what for them constitutes happiness, the answers are mostly identical. For those who are currently struggling to make ends meet, those who are out of jobs, those who are classified as under priviledged in society by virtue of their meager or no income it would appear that the wide belief is that money can indeed buy happiness. But when probed further and deeper, it emerges that money on its own, may not necessarily bring happiness but mere momentary satisfaction. What money certainly does however is to relief people from their financial burdens. Where a family struggles to pay the rent/mortgage at the end of every month, bills accumulate from lack of adequate finances, holidays are a thing of the past or never experienced. If such a family is transported to a place where they can suddenly afford to consolidate their debts, pay off the mortgage, go on holidays, eat what and when they like, their spirits will certainly be lifted significantly higher than when they had little or nothing to exist on. It is therefore apt to surmise that money would most probably clear debts, reduce or out rightly pay off mortgages, which would certainly be a tremendous source of relief for most people. Money however may not necessarily have the ability to purchase true happiness. The human brain is trained to adapt to situations, good or bad. It is therefore only a matter of time before the new found wealth becomes a ‘given’ and the family is faced with other challenges. Many people, cross-section, agree that acquisition or possession of significantly more money than they have at the moment can calm their day to day frustrations and perhaps distract them from their personal problems, but it cannot make them truly happy. If an individual is basically positive and optimistic, the acquisition of wealth will only enhance that persons life. It is believed that money can bring relief if the lack of it is causing stress (as is the case in the majority). If however, a person is generally neurotic, unhappy and pessimistic, no amount of money will eradicate such pessimism or other unrelated psychological problems the individual deals with on a daily basis. A windfall can also bring problems to people who have no idea how to deal with money. To those who have lived from hand to mouth all their lives, unless they are intelligent about it, there is a tendency to fritter a windfall away. One has to know how to use or invest money wisely, in order to make it work for them. In a survey carried out in England and America on lottery winners it became a clear pattern that people essentially remain who they basically were before winning the lottery. A pessimistic, uninspired individual who wins  £1,000,000 in lottery is more likely to be back to exactly the same spot he was in before winning the lottery in less than five years. While a more optimistic, ambitious and level headed indiv idual who wins  £500,000 is more likely to go ahead and invest the money in ventures that will guarantee him better income for the foreseeable future. Money or shall we say too much money is itself a catalyst for trouble for those who are not psychologically balanced enough to handle instant wealth. Economists and psychologists have come together in numerous attempts to untangle the webs of how, why and why-not of money and the general state of well being/welfare. Of particular importance, it would appear, is the aspect of why money is seen by many as unable to set right all that is wrong in their lives and by so doing guarantee them lasting happiness. Why is it that the more money one has, the more one aspires to acquire? In the popular words of an artist ‘..the more money you come across, the more problems you have’[17] The economics of happiness is an approach to assessing welfare which combines the techniques typically used by economists with those more commonly used by psychologists. It relies on surveys of the reported wellbeing of hundreds of thousands of individuals across countries and continents.[18] Why is it that when one is finally able to possess those material things that appeared all so important in the absence of money and to basically achieve their dreams it only brings momentary joy? In attempting to answer these seemingly depressing questions, scholars of happiness have arrived at some insights that appear very useful and educational indeed. It has been commonly acknowledged and accepted that money can help find more happiness, so long as one knows just what to expect from it and does not have unrealistic expectations. Splashing out money on luxurious cars or even buying a private jet is not necessarily a means of utilising money to becoming happy. Research suggests that seeking the good life at a store is an expensive exercise in futility.[19] It is essential to realise and understand where one has been going wrong in order to achieve a blissful state of mind. According to Richard Gelfond, co-chairman and CEO of Imax, being an achiever and rising out of poverty certainly brings happiness. Wealth therefore appears to play a bigger factor in being happy than most would like to admit. In surveys, people consistently give thre e reasons for their personal happiness: wealth, family and health. Being richer means being able to afford better health, however debatable an argument this is. For a terminally ill patient for instance, perhaps with the notorious HIV virus or the equally formidable cancer; wealth most certainly affords them better treatment and immediate access to the very best specialists in those fields as well as the very best medication. The patients are therefore guaranteed far more comfort in their sickness than the ordinary man on the street who depends on the state or government for his treatment. At the end of the day however, can one honestly assert that the affordability of better health care makes the former patient happier than the latter? Can either be truly happy simply because one has more money than the other? Does it not then depend on the individual’s outlook on their conditions? Would the wealthy not willingly give up their wealth to become healthy again? Strange and surp rising as it might sound, it is not uncommon for the poorer man to come to better terms with his condition and find, if not downright happiness, some sort of peace in the terminal medical situation he finds himself than for his richer or wealthier counterpart. Professor Robert Shiller, a Professor of Economics at Yale University, in his argument for the advantages of having money is of the opinion that more money, in all likelihood, guarantees better relationships.[20] This is open to extensive debate and arguments. The simple question thereafter arises, if money or wealth enables one to find better relationships, how come then that most celebrities, by far the best paid individuals in the world, find it, from time immemorial, practically impossible to be happy in their relationships and marriages? It is common knowledge that marriages and relationships in Hollywood or any other star studded part of the world, for that matter, are more often than not, a fleeting experience for the p arties involved. Talking about celebrities and their wealth, if money does indeed procure happiness, why is it that the majority of celebrities have had at one time or the other alcohol problems, drug addiction issues, depression, suicidal tendencies and even in albeit admittedly fewer cases, death by over dose of one dangerous substance or the other? Surely if money brings happiness they, the celebrities with more money than most should be the happiest on earth. This is however evidently not the case. It stands to reason therefore that while money promotes a better sense of well being in some, better sense of achievement in others, contentment, the satisfaction that comes with the ability and affordability of luxury items o comfort, and even perhaps momentary happiness and joy in others, it is not the mere happenstance of such money or wealth in one’s life that procures happiness or any true sense of joy for the consumer. Tim Webber of the BBC’s Business Edition, in o ne of his editorials, ‘Why money doesn’t buy happiness’[21] quotes an African artist, Youssou N’Dour as follows†¦ â€Å"†¦ Forget money entirely†. Youssou NDour is reported as going on to say that there is plenty of happiness in Senegal, even though its people are not wealthy at all. Just see the joy that music and entertainment can bring to the boys in the poorest parts of Dakar. says Mr NDour. But he concedes that one thing was even better than the music and other elements that promote happiness in Senegal; the moment when Senegal beat France in the 2002 Football World Cup.[22] Catherine Sanderson, a psychology professor at Amherst College expresses her opinion on the debate of economics approach to happiness by saying that human beings are never satisfied. It is standard consumer behavioural pattern. The more we have, the more we are likely to want. It is the inherent nature of man. Ms. Sanderson authoritatively asserts that we always t hink just that little bit more money will be the answer to all our problems and bring ultimate satisfaction.[23] Indeed, it would appear that the more money one makes, the more one wants or continue to aspire to make. The more one has the less effective it is at bringing one joy. Little wonder it is therefore that this seeming paradox has long bedeviled economists. Another reputable scholar, Professor Dan Gilbert, psychology professor at Harvard University opines that â€Å"Once you get basic human needs met, a lot more money doesnt make a lot more happiness,[24]. Regrettably, there is no easy way out of being unhappy; money is no short cut to happiness for a depressed person. Overcoming one’s emotions and teaching one’s self to be happy can be more difficult that earning more money or winning the lottery as explained above. In fact, according to Matthew Herper,[25] if a person is handed $10, the pleasure centres of his brain lights up as if he were given food, sex or drugs. But that initial rush does not translate into long-term pleasure for most people. Surveys have found virtually the same level of happiness between the very rich individuals on the Forbes 400 and the Maasai herdsman of East Africa. Lottery winners return to their previous level of happiness after five years. Increases in income just do not seem to make people happier and most negative life experiences likewise have only a small impact on long-term satisfaction.[26] Probably via media exposure or even in real life, at some point in time or another extremely rich, wealthy and famous people have been seen to be unhappier than one would expect them to be, given the amount of material benefits that they have. It is surprising that a large number of wealthy people do not seem to experience the happiness that one would expect goes with so much money and riches. A study conducted by the University of Illinois indicated that more than 30 percent of the richest people in America were n ot as happy as the person who earned a modest income.[27] It is worth mentioning that more often than not, most of the sulking, miserable people one comes across in everyday life are rich people. This is obviously not due to the fact that these wealthy people are unable to afford three square meals, pay the mortgage, go on holiday or afford whatever luxurious item catches their fancy. Their misery is as a result of the fact that people generally seem to have more expectations from money. Money cannot buy anyone everything but in the minds of people who give up everything for money, it is difficult to accept, having acquired the wealth of their goal that they strove so hard to achieve partial success. This is not to negate the positive effects money has in the society and on one’s well being in particular. Yes, money most certainly is important to help one live life to the fullest and be able to experience the good things in life, not necessarily criminally expensive activitie s but such holidays, clothes, jewelries, and cars that become seemingly unreachable when one is void of the purchasing means. But at the same time, an increase in its inflow does not bring proportional happiness with it. As the age old saying goes†¦the grass will always (appear to) look greener on the other side. If ‘A’s’ income increases by $20,000, he is happy until he finds out his next door, perhaps less qualified neighbour’s income has increased by $60,000 and that the neighbour can now afford the car of A’s dreams without breaking the bank. The economics of happiness does not purport to replace income-based measures of welfare, but instead to complement them with broader measures of well-being. These measures are based on the results of large-scale surveys, across countries and over time, of hundreds of thousands of individuals who are asked to assess their own welfare. The surveys provide information about the importance of a range of factors which affect wellbeing, including income but also others such as health, marital and employment status, and civic trust. The approach, which relies on expressed preferences rather than on revealed choices, is particularly well suited to answering questions in areas where a revealed preferences approach provides limited information. Indeed, it often uncovers discrepancies between expressed and revealed preferences. The latter cannot fully gauge the welfare effects of particular policies or institutional arrangements which individuals are powerless to change. Examples of these inclu de the welfare effects of inequality, environmental degradation, and macroeconomic policies such as inflation and unemployment. In a recent happiness survey at the University of Colorado, it was established that actual involvement in doing things can bring more joy than having things. Gilovich and Leaf Van Boven, both of the University of Colorado conducted this survey by asking students what makes them happy, when and where. The students were also asked to ultimately decide if they were at the happiest when they were doing something as against when they were buying something. It emerged that man’s preoccupation with stuff obscures an important truth: that the things that do not last create the most lasting happiness. One reason may be that experiences tend to blossom and not diminish as they are recalled. In your memory, youre free to embellish and elaborate,[28] Gilovich admonished the students. â€Å"Your trip to Mexico may have been an endless parade of hassles punctuate d by a few exquisite moments. But looking back on it, your brain can edit out the surly cabdrivers, remembering only the glorious sunsets. So next time you think that arranging a vacation is more trouble than its worthor a cost youd rather not shoulderfactor in the delayed impact.†[29] Economists have found out in the United States for instance that an increase in income does not necessarily automatically yield an equal increase in one’s level of happiness. In one of the several surveys conducted, it was discovered that going from earning less than $20,000 a year to making more than $50,000 admittedly makes the recipient twice as likely to be happy, yet the payoff for then surpassing $90,000 is slight. And while the rich are happier than the poor, the enormous rise in living standards over the past 50 years has not made Americans happier.[30] Why? David Futrelle gave three reasons for this. According to him, we overestimate how much pleasure there is to be derived from having more. Humans are adaptable creatures, which has been a plus during assorted ice ages, plagues and wars. But, he argues, that is also why people are never all that satisfied for long when good fortune comes their way. While earning more makes people happy in the short term, we quickly ad just to the new wealth, status and everything that comes with it. Granted, there is bound to be a certain thrill and sense of achievement which comes with the first shiny and exotic car one buys from the increased income or new found wealth, splashing out on huge screen televisions and even spending money on family. But it is not long before all these become ‘normal’ and the consumer begins to want even more. It is when this insatiable appetite for more yields little or no result that man begins again to experience dissatisfaction and many people find themselves descending back to the very initial position they were in the first place; reverting to a state of running in place that economists call the ‘hedonic treadmill.’[31] The hedonic treadmill theory explains the popularly held observation that rich people are no happier than poor people, and that those with severe money problems are sometimes quite happy. The theory supports the argument that money does not buy happiness and that the pursuit of money as a way to reach this goal is futile. Good and bad fortunes may temporarily affect how happy a person is,but most people will end up back at their normal level of happiness.[32]Buttressing Mr. Yarrow’s point on the same subject, John Lanchester also observed that following studies of data from all over the world, it is clear that, instead of getting happier as they become better off, people get stuck in a place where their expectations rise at the same pace as their incomes and the happiness they seek remains constantly just out of reach.[33] Reference is here being made yet again to the hedonistic treadmill. Daniel Kahneman, the one time (2003) winner of Nobel Prize for economics is best known for his work on hedonic psychology.[34] Kahneman opines that suddenly the big question is being asked by those who spent their lives on making and measuring money: what indeed is it all for when people are no happier than they were.[35] Be all these as they may, the fact remains undisputable that money does matter in various ways. In England, for instance, people who are earning less than or around  £10,000 per annum are measurably, permanently happier when paid more. It matters when people of any income feel a drop from what they have become accustomed to. But above all, money makes people unhappy when they compare their own income with others.[36] Richer people are happier not by the simple virtue of the absolute size of their wealth, but because they have more than other people. But the wider the wealth gap, the worse it harms the rest. Rivalry in income makes those left behind more miserable that it confers extra happiness on the winners. This insatiable appetite for more will keep driving a man back to the car dealership or to the electronic gadget stores in search of better and bigger items for more satisfaction. According to Gilbert[37] however, what is being mistaken for happiness and satisfaction at buy ing a new ‘toy’ is simply the feeling that comes on the day one actually buys the item in question. Once the initial razzmatazz fades away and the new Ferrari or even private jet no longer races the heart, man tends to draw the wrong conclusions. Instead of questioning the notion or erroneous, if honest, belief that happiness can be bought at the dealership, one often begins to question their choice of car. ‘Perhaps I would feel better with a Ford Mustang?’ This thought alone sparks a fresh burst of enthusiasm and hope for more happiness which simply leads to yet more disappointment once the new car is purchased and the racing heart also inevitably settles back to normal after a few days or weeks. Again this is what economists refer to as typical consumer behaviour. More often than not, this dissatisfaction with the material things that come with wealth is borne out of envy for others around us. Quite naturally, more money can and does lead to more stress. The big salary pulled in from a high-paying job may not necessarily procure much in the way of happiness, at least not much more than the individual is accustomed to. Some have even gone as far as saying if one is unable to find happiness in their current situation on a low income job; it is unlikely that such persons will ever be happy even in a high paying job. The whole idea is to cut one’s coat according to one’s size to afford flexibility, satisfaction and happiness because however low one’s income is, there are always people below the hierarchy of earnings. Just as however much one earns, there will always be people on the upper rung of the ladder of success. What more money can do however is to buy one a (more) spacious house in the suburbs. What immediately becomes a problem is the long trip to and from work, taking the children (if there are any) to school and commuting to social activities from the suburbs or the countryside. At the end of the day, it is only natural that the everyday commute, even if permissible initially, becomes a problem and however much one loves their job, becomes a burden and wears down the individual. As in the case of lack of continued satisfaction with ones purchases, compariso

Essay on The Holy Bible - The Authorship of Genesis :: Holy Bible Genesis Essays

The Authorship of Genesis Is the book of Genesis real or fiction? This is an age-old question. There are many thousands of Christians, who believe that Genesis is the absolute word of God. Many of these people believe that Moses wrote the book of Genesis, and believe that God himself told him what to write. Those who believe Moses wrote it really believe that God created the heaven and earth as well as all living things including man. Then there are those who believe Genesis is nothing more than fiction. They do not believe that Moses or anyone else wrote Genesis. They do not believe that God created the heaven or earth. They believe we evolved from either fish or monkeys. They believe Genesis is nothing more than a fairytale written a long time ago. That is why when we look at the age-old question about the authorship of Genesis. We most look at three very important perspectives about, which may or may not have written Genesis. The first perspective we will look at is the belief that Moses is the author of Genesis. The second perspective we will look at, is the belief that Moses and many other authors wrote the book of Genesis. The third perspective is that Moses didn’t write Genesis at all, many historians and theologians believe that different writers contributed to the writings of Genesis. When looking at that perspective that Moses was the sole author of Genesis. We must understand that this belief is deeply held by many conservative scholars and most of the Christian world. Those who believe that Moses was the author of Genesis, believe there are three ways which Moses transmitted Genesis. The first method was by direct revelation from God. Those who believe this believe that God spoke and told Moses what to write. These people believe that, "All scripture is given by the inspiration of god," (II Timothy 3:16). They also believe the Bible is infallible word of God and cannot lie, so when Jesus Christ himself stated, " And at the beginning Moses and all prophets he expounded unto them in all the scriptures the things concerning himself. These are the words which I spoke unto you, while I was yet with you, that all things must be fulfilled, which were written in the law of Moses, and in all the psalms concerning me" (Luke 24:27,44). Essay on The Holy Bible - The Authorship of Genesis :: Holy Bible Genesis Essays The Authorship of Genesis Is the book of Genesis real or fiction? This is an age-old question. There are many thousands of Christians, who believe that Genesis is the absolute word of God. Many of these people believe that Moses wrote the book of Genesis, and believe that God himself told him what to write. Those who believe Moses wrote it really believe that God created the heaven and earth as well as all living things including man. Then there are those who believe Genesis is nothing more than fiction. They do not believe that Moses or anyone else wrote Genesis. They do not believe that God created the heaven or earth. They believe we evolved from either fish or monkeys. They believe Genesis is nothing more than a fairytale written a long time ago. That is why when we look at the age-old question about the authorship of Genesis. We most look at three very important perspectives about, which may or may not have written Genesis. The first perspective we will look at is the belief that Moses is the author of Genesis. The second perspective we will look at, is the belief that Moses and many other authors wrote the book of Genesis. The third perspective is that Moses didn’t write Genesis at all, many historians and theologians believe that different writers contributed to the writings of Genesis. When looking at that perspective that Moses was the sole author of Genesis. We must understand that this belief is deeply held by many conservative scholars and most of the Christian world. Those who believe that Moses was the author of Genesis, believe there are three ways which Moses transmitted Genesis. The first method was by direct revelation from God. Those who believe this believe that God spoke and told Moses what to write. These people believe that, "All scripture is given by the inspiration of god," (II Timothy 3:16). They also believe the Bible is infallible word of God and cannot lie, so when Jesus Christ himself stated, " And at the beginning Moses and all prophets he expounded unto them in all the scriptures the things concerning himself. These are the words which I spoke unto you, while I was yet with you, that all things must be fulfilled, which were written in the law of Moses, and in all the psalms concerning me" (Luke 24:27,44).

Cyberpunk Through Shadowrun :: Literature Science Fiction Writing Essays Papers

Cyberpunk Through Shadowrun Works Cited Missing Cyberpunk has suffered through many definitions during its growth, from author Bruce Sterling's original assessment in the preface to Mirrorshades to his latest appraisal of the movement in his article, "Cyberpunk in the Nineties." Throughout its evolution, some consistent points have been made that one can mold together to form a definition of cyberpunk: a sense of bleakness, technology's dominant effect on the world, and a tendency to showcase the illegal points within the culture. If these three traits truly define the cyberpunk genre, then the Shadowrun Role Playing System, created by FASA Corporation in 1989, exemplifies these elements of cyberpunk. Shadowrun and cyberpunk fiction are very similar in their view of the future world they present. As Sterling points out in "Cyberpunk in the Nineties," "There is much bleakness in cyberpunk, but it is an honest bleakness. There is ecstasy, but there is also dread"(Browning 6). An interesting point, but not one without merit. For indeed, cyberpunk does tend to forward the sentiment that the world spirals ever downward, to an end that no one can foresee. Tom Maddox's "Snake Eyes" embodies this point, with George's slow and continuous fall toward insanity as the machinery in his head attempts to control him. Shadowrun's chronology is very similar in this respect, from the physical plagues that rip through the world, thereby destroying over a third of the world population, to intense computer viruses that have the ability to kill people who access the data they protect. Many of the governments of the world have disbanded, including the United States -- who joins with Canada -- and Russia . Cities have become known as "sprawls" where only the strong survive, and even then it's a rough outing anytime you step out the door. The bleakness of the world plays into the hands of the shadowrunners, who live in the world of the `sinless,' those who are not registered in the world database. They find the world desolate and anarchistic, but still manage to find profit in it while keeping their skin in one piece. One quote from the Shadowrun sourcebook says, "If you did it and lived, then you probably did it right"(Shadowrun 54). One way that shadowrunners find profit through their activities and survive is through the use of technologically superior tools. Technology, according to Sterling, is also a powerful part of the cyberpunk genre. As he states in Mirrorshades, ". Cyberpunk Through Shadowrun :: Literature Science Fiction Writing Essays Papers Cyberpunk Through Shadowrun Works Cited Missing Cyberpunk has suffered through many definitions during its growth, from author Bruce Sterling's original assessment in the preface to Mirrorshades to his latest appraisal of the movement in his article, "Cyberpunk in the Nineties." Throughout its evolution, some consistent points have been made that one can mold together to form a definition of cyberpunk: a sense of bleakness, technology's dominant effect on the world, and a tendency to showcase the illegal points within the culture. If these three traits truly define the cyberpunk genre, then the Shadowrun Role Playing System, created by FASA Corporation in 1989, exemplifies these elements of cyberpunk. Shadowrun and cyberpunk fiction are very similar in their view of the future world they present. As Sterling points out in "Cyberpunk in the Nineties," "There is much bleakness in cyberpunk, but it is an honest bleakness. There is ecstasy, but there is also dread"(Browning 6). An interesting point, but not one without merit. For indeed, cyberpunk does tend to forward the sentiment that the world spirals ever downward, to an end that no one can foresee. Tom Maddox's "Snake Eyes" embodies this point, with George's slow and continuous fall toward insanity as the machinery in his head attempts to control him. Shadowrun's chronology is very similar in this respect, from the physical plagues that rip through the world, thereby destroying over a third of the world population, to intense computer viruses that have the ability to kill people who access the data they protect. Many of the governments of the world have disbanded, including the United States -- who joins with Canada -- and Russia . Cities have become known as "sprawls" where only the strong survive, and even then it's a rough outing anytime you step out the door. The bleakness of the world plays into the hands of the shadowrunners, who live in the world of the `sinless,' those who are not registered in the world database. They find the world desolate and anarchistic, but still manage to find profit in it while keeping their skin in one piece. One quote from the Shadowrun sourcebook says, "If you did it and lived, then you probably did it right"(Shadowrun 54). One way that shadowrunners find profit through their activities and survive is through the use of technologically superior tools. Technology, according to Sterling, is also a powerful part of the cyberpunk genre. As he states in Mirrorshades, ".

The Reason for Freedom of Religion Essay -- United States Constitution

Religious influence in the adoption and development of law is contradictory to the structure of the American government and way of life. We are all familiar with the phrase; â€Å"My fellow Americans†, these are words we probably have heard many times before, Presidents have uttered them in addressing the nation, they always have the same connotation every time they are spoken, that all of us are Americans, notice please that the statement is not My fellow Christians. That’s because being an American does not automatically indicate being a Christian, one of the reasons this is such a great country is that we have specific rights guaranteed by our government, such as the right to free speech, the right to bear arms, freedom of the press and as important as any†¦.Freedom of religion. I am not a religious person, I cannot remember a time when I ever truly was, even when the central component of my parents teaching and family interaction was religious belief. I never felt it was logical to proclaim unfettering belief; it just wasn’t an investment I could make in good conscience. I agree somewhat with Karl Marx who wrote: Religious distress is at the same time the expression of real distress and the protest against real distress. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, just as it is the spirit of a spiritless situation. It is the opium of the people. The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is required for their real happiness. The demand to give up the illusion about its condition is the demand to give up a condition which needs illusions.1 though I do not believe the removal of religion is key to alleviating the condition, It is my conjecture that religious practice will di... ...r be allowed to corrupt, government in order to protect religion and liberty. And in the hopes that never again will â€Å"You shall have no other gods before me† (Exodus 20:3)5 be used as reasoning for ethnic and religious cleansing. Works Cited 1. Marx, Karl, and Joseph J. O'Malley. Critique of Hegel's 'philosophy of Right'. Cambridge [Eng.: University Press, 1970. Print. 2. "Code of Ur-Nammu." Online liberty library.org. Liberty Fund, 05Dec2010. Web. 6 Dec 2010. . 3. Mount, Steve. "The United States Constitution." USConstitution.net. U.S. Constitution.net, APR 1997. Web. 5 Dec 2010. http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html#Am1 4. Baroja, Julio Caro. The World of the Witch. 1st ed. 1. America: Phoenix Press, 2001. 125. Print. 5. Exodus 20:3 The Bible King James Version

Preparation and analysis of inorganic and organic compounds Essay

Task 1 titration of sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid In this experiment the sodium hydroxide is neutralized with Hydrochloric acid to produce sodium chloride (the soluble salt) it is then crystallized in a dish. The equation for the above reaction is →NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H20(l) Method Add 25cm3 of sodium hydroxide into a conical flask then add couple of drops of methyl orange indicator Next fill the burette with HCL using a funnel to the 0 mark Add HCL to sodium hydroxide in small amounts swirling constantly keep adding until the solution changes to a red colour record your result Using the same volume of HCL now add it to another 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide to produce a neutral solution Use a Bunsen burner and an evaporating dish to reduce the volume to half Finally leave to evaporate in a crystallizing dish to produce a white crystalline solid Average Volume = 26.35 Mass of Evaporating dish = 53.86 (Mass = 55.04 – 53.86 = 1.18g) Mass = n x Mr = 0.025 x 58.5 = 1.4625 Calculating Percentage Yield 1.18 x 100 = 80.7 % 1.4625 Test for ions present Sodium Na+ — test carried out = flame test – result golden yellow This happens as the electrons move to higher energy level and then fall back down when heated which gives out yellow light. Chloride test → test carried out = add silver nitrate – result white precipitate of silver chloride was formed Task (e) Purity analysis of NaCl In this task I will be showing the purity analysis of NaCl the same procedure will be carried out as before but this time 0.1 moldm-3 of sodium chloride is titrated with 0.05 moldm-3 silver nitrate the indicator will be the chromate indicator The chemical formula for the following reaction is:NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNo3(aq) RESULTS These are the results obtained for the following experiment: Rough 1 2 Final burette reading 19.9 20.5 20.6 Initial Burette Reading 0.00 0.00 0.00 Titre 19.9 20.5 20.6 Average Volume = 20.55 Converted to dm3 /1000 1)calculate no of moles of silver nitrate N= C x V =0.05 x 0.02055 = 0.010275 moles 2)answer = no of mole of NaCl (1 : 1 ratio) 3) Calculate the actual concentration of NaCl C= n/V = 0.010275 = 0.10275moldm-3 0.01 4)percentage purity ppurity = 0.1 x 100 = 97.3%) 0.010275 Task 2 Method: 1)shake 2g of 2- hydroxybenzoic acid with 4 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride in a 100cm3 conical flask 2) add five drops of concentrated sulphuric acid agitating the flask for about 10 mins the whole wil form a crystalline mush 3) Dilute by stirring it in 4cm3 of cold glacial ethanoic acid and cool by placing in a water bath containing crushed ice 4) filter off the crystals using a Hirsch funnel and wash once with ice cold water 5) place the crude aspirin in a 100cm3 beaker add hot water not boiling water till it dissolves 6)cool and filter of crystals this process is known as recrystallisation 7) Take 4 test tubes add 2cm3 of distilled water in each and in 1 tube add one crystal of the product before recrystallisation and shake 8) Second tube add one crystal of the recrystallised product and shake 9) Third tube add one crystal of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and shake 10) In last tube add one crystal of known pure aspirin and shake 11)To each tube add 2 drops in turn of neutral iron (III) chloride and shake Following this method I got the following results Mass at start was 2.04 Finishing mass was 2.08 Amount of yield: 138 →180 1 →180/138 1 →1.3 2.04 → 2.652 2.08 x 100 = 78.4% 2.652 Organic testing To test for a phenol group Method: Add neutral iron III chloride(if a phenol group is present it will change into purple complex and if theres no purple then the aspirin is pure) Using the following method my result showed a purple complex showing that my aspirin was impure Melting point analysis