Matrix analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Matrix analysis - Essay ExampleThis will simply enhance the aim of competition (Dcstrategy.com).For the 5 years period, ranging from 2012- 2017, it faecal matter be said that the forecasted annual growth rate is around 3 5% per annum. This growth will be the upshot of the fact that the health benefit industry will be increasingly moving towards the point of maturity over the period of 5 years, thereby providing more opportunities and avenues for growth for businesses related to the health benefits sector (Dcstrategy.com)The health and fitness club, CBD Health Spa is highly focused on providing high level, customized service for the customers, composition increasingly taking into account the diversified and personalized needs of each customer (cbdhealthspa.com)The health and fitness club provides highly dedicated customer run to its customers, who focus on giving the customers, with the required level of motivation that is needed for maintaining continuity of the exercise and the reby helping them to gain benefits out of the program.SO In order to take maximum advantage of the high growth possibilities in the future, the CBD Health Spa faeces focus on launching new clubs in new regions while offering the diversified gamut of services to the new customers.ST In an attempt to prohibit the threat of low barriers to entry and emergence of new competitors, the taint can opt for forming a joint venture with some of the major players, thereby safeguarding themselves from being eliminated due to competition from strong market players.WO The club can focus on opening new centers in new areas and taking advantage of the prospective growth opportunities that are being promoted by the government. This will eradicate the weakness of the clubs limited existence in only a particular location.WT The WT is focused on reducing the weakness and threats (Koontz & Weihrich, 2006, p. 108). The club can increasingly build up on the brand

Comparative Analysis of Two Films Essay Example for Free

Comparative Analysis of Two Films EssayStereotyping can be defined as sweep generalizations about affiliates of a certain sexuality, nationality, religion, race, or otherwise group. Social stereotyping has been a worldwide issue for many years. More specifically, stereotypical assertions, based on two gender and race, moderate been a common theme throughout many 20th and 21st century films. Both Crash, directed by Paul Haggis in 2004, and Girlfight directed by Karyn Kusama in 2000, address the issue of stereotyping in their own unique way.Girlfight does this by placing a fe phallic in the spotlight of a version that is predominantly dominated by males, whereas, Crash confronts our problem with racial stereotypes and racism, and the need to counter them, by focusing on the crash humans experience by encountering people that they telephone numberually are already linked to. Throughout the film Girlfight, the crowd may have been against Diana, that her determination allowed her to fight off skeptics impertinent the ring and her opponents in the ring. Crash is a movie that brings out bigotry and racial stereotypes.While one story revolves around a gender debate, the other approaches the argu handst from the side of race and ultimately both combat the greater social issue of stereotyping. The film Girlfight depicts the struggle of Diana Guzman, a high school girl, and how she overcomes gender barriers to dominate the boxing arena. Her mother passed away when she was young, and she lives with her father and younger brother, Tiny. They reside in the projects of New York City, a tougher area where the ability to defend yourself is basically a prerequisite.Her father forces Tiny to train at the local gym to become better suited to defend himself and that is where Diana is introduced to the sport of boxing. Setting is a key aspect of the film and director Karyn Kusamas choice of realistic venues for each and e really opinion help build a documentary-like atmosphere. One scene that illustrates this quality is when Diana and Adrian reckon that they will both be fighting each other in the final bout. The scene takes place inside the manager of the rings berth a small but well organized office.The camera pans from feature to character as they discuss Dianas next fight and the viewer is put in the back corner of the office space. A key detail to be noniced is that the door is open and one can see that drawers are lull training in the background. This gives the earshot the idea that what they are viewing is very real, almost like a documentary, and Kusamas film charm adds to that with a picture that is both grainy and misty. The scene is also full of dialogue, which is a common attribute of any documentary. It seems as if the scene would have occurred redden if the camera had not been rolling film.The realistic aspect correlates back to the underlying premise of the movie, gender stereotyping. At the cadence, female boxers wer e a rarity and Diana was an excommunication not only beca hold of her gender but also because of her skill. The boxers at this gym are all male except for Diana who happens to be the main character in the film. This creates an immediate gender barrier the second that Diana steps in the gym merely because she isnt of the norm. The film Crash attempts to tackle the issue of racial stereotyping though the stories of several characters who all turn out to be connected in some way, shape, or form.Anthony and Peter are detonateners in crime who commandeer cars for a chop shop. Anthony believes that society is unfairly biased against dark-skinneds, and at one point in the film he justifies his actions by claiming he would never legal injury another black person. Rick Cabot, district attorney of Los Angeles, and his wife Jean are two other main characters throughout the film. One scene that reinforces the use of stereotyping is when Anthony and Peter stroll a Los Angeles shopping stri p. As they walk along, Anthony explains to Peter how whites are so quick to judge blacks at night.The dialogue throughout the scene is especially important because Anthony quickly changes from complaining about racial tendencies around him to hiding behind a handgun as both he and his suspensor hijacks a car. The audience sides with Anthony, as he begins his rant, but out of the blue, the two men pull a gun on an innocent couple and the audience is left in shock. Anthony states, You couldnt find a whiter, safer or better-lit part of this city right now, but insofar this white woman sees two black guys who look like UCLA students strolling down the sidewalk, and her reaction is blind fear (Crash).This assertion draws light on the fact that we as humans tend to jump to conclusions lots too quickly. Anthony and Peter had done nothing out of the ordinary but the town happened to be predominantly dominated by whites and that set off a red flag in Jeans mind. Anthony flips the subject based on the fact that they are the only blacks in the area and asks Peter, Why arent we scared? Peter responds, Cause we got guns? and both men proceed to pull out their weapons and hijack the Cabots vehicle (Crash). This scene is greatly enhanced by the use of sound.As both of the couples stroll down the boulevard, one can hear a peaceful Christmas carol in the background, but as the men approach the Cabots, the music increases in volume and changes to a more upbeat, edgy track. The film does this in order to create tension amid both sets of characters it changes the norm and keeps the audience anxious. To reinforce this, the sound increases once more as Anthony and Peter peel out of the street with the stolen car creating a definitive point in the scene. By transitioning from calm to chaos, Haggis demonstrates how a simple misinterpretation, a stereotype, could pay dividends in the long run.Jean Cabot had suspected something was not right as soon as she locked eyes with Anthon y. The fact that Anthony gave a rather thought-provoking talk on racial tendencies shows that stereotyping does not go unnoticed. An act as simple as organise arms with your husband as you pass two young, African American teenagers may seem like an act of safety to you but to the teenagers it is offensive. This also proves that this is not a one-sided debate. Both parties are involved and equally held responsible for their criticisms. In Becoming Members of Society Learning the Social Meaning of Gender, Aaron H.Devor discusses the distinction between gender and sexuality. Gender is typically based on anatomical differences between men and women, but does not necessarily match with them. In Dianas case, she is a female yet she demonstrates masculine tendencies through her animosity and fury in the boxing arena. According to Devor, Diana fails to follow the natural role of her sexuality (Devor 160). Devor states, persons who perform the activities considered set aside for another ge nder will be expected to perform them poorly (Devor 159).He point is valid because there are always cases when a male or a female may not fit the norm and fight off a society that is so fixated on masculinity versus femininity. This statement connects with the film Girlfight, in which Diana Guzman distinguishes herself by becoming a boxer, a sport dominated by males. Devor states that even if the athlete does succeed, it is a reward with ridicule or scorn for blurring the gender dividing line (Devor 159). The film Girlfight somewhat argues this statement because Diana was cheered as she finished her final bout against Adrian. Adrian was obviously the favored fighter, mainly due the act that he was a male, yet Diana pulled off the victory.The fact is that gender is socially and culturally determined it is not biologically determined. At the time, boxing gurus failed to give computer address to Diana by being an underdog and decided to sooner critique and stereotype her based on her sex. Today more and more women have become boxers but there are still those that frown upon their presence in the ring. Even though people have become more tolerant, there are still some who are not willing to except things out of the norm, which is why society has not gained the balance it needs and social stereotyping exists.Gender stereotyping is a very serious issue in todays society, but another dilemma just as grim is that of racial stereotyping. Larry Aubrys Los Angeles Sentinel phrase titled, Undoing Racism in American Cities, argues how racism is still very much with us and is still a barrier to the realization of the American daydream in the nations cities and towns. His main point is that in order to undo racism one must move from being a part of the problem to becoming a part of the solution (Aubry, par. 3).Throughout the film Crash, the main characters are given various opportunities to combat racism but instead act on poor judgment by stereotyping. The fact is that stereotyping never leads to a proper outcome. A proper outcome may not be what either party had intended but most of the time an ethical outcome is best. In Anthonys case, he fumed on how whites were racist yet he became part of the problem by doing exactly what Jean Cabot had foreseen him execute. Anthony stereotyped against himself and further worsened the problem. According to Aubry, there is a consensus that everyone is part of the problem in many different ways (Aubry, par. ).Most people place the blame on others when in fact they escalate the argument. Stereotyping has set societies back time and time again and until society is guided by the fairness of its ideas, its politics, and its culture and not by the fairness of one anothers skin or gender, construct cannot be made. Girlfight attacks the issue from the gender side while Crash from the racial side. Stereotyping is vague in nature but both films key in on these issues through their storyline and cinematic techniques. Gi rlfight did this through a realistic portrayal of the life of a young female boxer and her struggles.Crash decided to create a segmented story in which characters interact through their abuse of stereotyping. If Anthony and Peter had decided not to go through with the car hijacking, both them and the Cabots would have been closer to the realization that they were in fact, out of line. In Dianas case, the public is against her, even her father is against her, yet she knows she can fend off the skeptics. Social stereotyping is permeant and without both parties grasping that fact, both racist and gender stereotyping will continue to exist.

Disorder of Donnie Darko Essay Example for Free

Disorder of Donnie Darko EssayDonnie Darko is an almost confusing film to the highest degree fourth dimension travel, schizophrenia and the manipulation of ones fate. The film focuses on a teenage schoolboy named Donnie Darko. Donnie is not mentally healthy but he is actually intelligent and has highly high Iowa test scores. He alike has a t residuumency to hallucinate and do destructive affaires when sleepwalking, such as flooding his school and burning overpower a house, due to this he is on strong medication and sees a therapist on a regular basis. After a undecomposed close experience, Donnie starts seeing an imaginary friend known as postmark. Frank is a seven foot tall, demonic looking rabbit, who tells him about how the realism is going to end and of the possibilities of time travel. Frank saved Donnie from this near death experience by telling Donnie to follow him outside and revealed to him that the world was going to end in 28 days, 6 hours, 42 minutes, and 1 2 seconds.After Donnie was told about the end of the world a plane engine crashed through his house, destroying his bedroom. Luckily Donnie was outside and survived. Donnie also finds cheat in a new girl to his school named Gretchen Ross. This girl also has a dark past and is somewhat mentally unhealthy as strong due to her mother being stabbed four times by her step father. As time goes on Donnie sees more of Frank and more hallucinations, which leads him to think that time travel is possible along with the power to manipulate fate. To prevent all of the negative events Donnie sees himself causing in the future, he goes back in time to diaphragm in his room and die as the plane engine crashes through his home. This prevents a whole butterfly type effect on everyone that surrounds him and the end of the world Frank warns him about.Throughout the movie Donnie is filled with unhappy thoughts and his head is consumed by troubled feelings caused by the prescription pills he takes, al though these pills seem to be the only thing that Donnie has to give him a consistent behavior and focus in life. They also open his mind to reality beyond what he normally comprehends. Donnie is tortured by his genius, his fear of death, and struggles with isolating himself brought on by feelings of being rejected for thinking differently or outside the box. Through his genius and reaction to the pills, Donnie saw his quite a little and was scared ofdying alone so he created Frank to give him direction.With his second chance in life, Donnie went around making sense of mountains lives and destroying things that could make people unhappy such as his corrupt school. Donnie loves people and wants to help them but he fears what everything means in the big picture, and this is why he needs Frank for direction. He then realizes that his choice to live brought more pain, death, and doom than if he had died in the first place. This is why he chose death, he just needed to gain this so he could be at peace. He then feels happy about himself which is why he dies with a smile on his face.Donnie Darkos behavior is very abnormal, he is not like anybody else in his environment. This can mostly be attributed to being a paranoiac schizophrenic. Paranoid schizophrenia is one of the most prejudicial of all mental disorders. It causes its victims to lose touch with reality as Donnie does with his ideas of time travel. They often begin to hear, see, or feel things that arent really there, or hallucinations which Donnie often experiences. They also become convinced of things that simply are not true which are delusions. In the paranoid form of this disorder, they develop delusions of persecution or personal greatness. The first signs of paranoid schizophrenia usually surface between the ages of 15 and 34. There is no cure, but the disorder can be controlled with medications such as Donnie is force to take.Since Donnie is a paranoid schizophrenic no prior events would have ca used his behavior because schizophrenia is thought to be a chemical imbalance in the brain and is not in any way caused by stress, which disregards any idea of post traumatic events causing his behavior, although stress can make the symptoms worse. One example of this is how the near death experience made his symptoms worse.His symptoms included, confusion, inability to make decisions, hallucinations, changes in sleeping habits, energy level, delusions, nervousness, strange statements or behavior, withdrawal from friends, or school, anger, indifference to the opinions of others, a temperament to argue, a conviction that you are better than others, or that people are out to get you. Without medication and therapy, most paranoid schizophrenics are unable to affaire in the real world. If they fall victimto severe hallucinations and delusions, as Donnie does, they can be a danger to themselves and those around them. This is greatly illustrated by Donnie being forced to take his medici nes, and causing harm to others such as when he shoots the kid who hit his girlfriend and flooding the school. It is rather evident that Donnie Darko suffers from paranoid schizophrenia.

Kingdoms of Life Essay Example for Free

Kingdoms of Life EssayOn our planet earth we train what argon called kingdoms, 5 to be exact, consisting of a very diverse group of living things. Using these five kingdoms we classify our species and organize information on what we are and what resides with us. When we place every living wildcat into one of the five kingdoms it better helps us understand the world around us and its habitants. The five kingdoms include moneran, Protist, fungus kingdom, Plantae, and the one we call home, Animalia. 1. Monera The simplest of all organisms is the bacteria of the Moneran kingdom. They are broken down into two types Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Eubacteria is known as the true bacteria which makes up the roughly 10,000 species in the Moneran group. Archaebacteria or ancient bacteria if you will, is the minority of the group and are only found in extreme environments including but not limiting swamps, sodium chloride lakes, deep-ocean hydrothermal vent, etc. There are many types of species belonging to the Moneran kingdom that have yet to be disc overed. Monerans are also the only group at heart the five kingdoms that are all prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are one-celled or colony of cells.2. Protista In this kingdom we have multi cellular organisms (Protista) which are not a part of nor do they fit, the Animal, Plant, or Fungus Kingdom. In the beginning, protozoa were placed in a sub-kingdom of Animalia but because of the problems this classification had, it later became its own kingdom. All members of this phylum have what are known as nucleated cells and live in aquatic habitats (both freshwater and marine). According to Lynn Margulis, K.V. Schwartz and M. Dolan (1994), the cells of all Protoctista originally formed by bacterial symbioses or symbiogenesis. Members of this kingdom are not considered animate beings because they do not come from an embryo, they are not plants nor are they considered fungi because they do not develop from spores.3. Fungi There are some members of the Kingdom Fungi that are associated with algal cells of the Kingdom Protista and/or prokaryotic cyanobacteria of the Kingdom Monera. Fungi plays a very critical role in natures continuous rebirth Fungi actually recycle all dead organic matter turning it into utilitarian nutrients. Fungi consits of species like mushrooms, molds, mildews, stinkhorns, rusts, puffballs and many others. There are on estimate 100,000 known species today with hundreds of new species being discovered each year.4. PlantaeWith over 1.6 million species of living organisms on earth and new species discovered every single day, in particular insects and nematodes residing in rsecluded tropical regions. However, with the present rate of destruction, a majority of the virgin tropical rain forest are headed straight for extinction, leaving millions of species undiscovered by the human race. It is the theory that approximately 99 per centum of species that ever resided on earth were extinct long b efore the human ever set foot on this planet. Even with humans having such an unlikely significance to the development of earth, technically they are considered to be newcomers on this marvelous planet. If all theories are correct, earth is aged at about 4.5 billion eld old, meaning the ancient lifespan forms (such as the cyanobacteria) appeared roughly 2-3 billion years ago. 5. AnimaliaThere are nine phyla of this kingdom including the following Porifera (poriferans), phylum Coelenterata (cnidarians), Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Nematoda (roundworms), Annelida (annelids), Mollusca (molluscs), Arthropoda (arthropods), Echinodermata (echinoderms) and Chordata (chordates). Animals are considered to be part of this group because they are all multi-cellular organisms whose cells are connected by a plasma membrane and not by a cell wall of cellulose like the others.The differences between plants and animals led to the division of all life into what is known as (referenced above) Pla ntae and Animalia. In animals, the cells are organized into tissues and specialized tissue systems that permit them to move freely in search of food. They build aptitude by acquiring and ingesting their food, unlike plants, which use the system photosynthesis to benefit from the nutrients they need to survive. A well developed nervous system with sensory and motor nervousness is what enables animals to receive environmental stimuli as well as a response to the environment around them. It was found that some were plant like while others (protozoa) resembled animals in that they obtain locomotion by means of flagella and that they actually digest food.The Animal Kingdom holds the most species of all of the kingdoms, ringing in a little over one million. Interesting fact, is that more than half of the animal species are insects. The result of 300,000 beetles plus the 800,000 different insect species a make up the largest order of insects (one fifth of all speciesusing a total of 1.5 million). It has been said that if the species between plants and animals on earth were lined up at random, every 5th species would be a beetle.VirusesViruses are out of the Kingdom assortment completely and sometimes they are said even to belong to their own kingdom, the kingdom Virus. The small and less complex infected agent is made of tiny macromolecular units composed of DNA or RNA covered by an outer protein coat. Virus do not soften membrane-bound organelles, ribosomes, a cytoplasm, or any other source of energy formation of their own. They do not have the self-maintenance metabolic reactions of living systems, they lack cellular ventilation and gash exchanges. They are completely capable of reproducing but only at the expense of a host cell. They can and will only survive as minute macromolecular particles outside of their body. Plant viruses are transferred between each other by insects that feed on sap, such as aphids, while animal viruses can be carried by blood-sucki ng insects (mosquitos for instance).http//www.biology-questions-and-answers.com/life-kingdoms.html

Prime Numbers Divide

Prime poem game DividePrime Numbers History, Facts and ExamplesPrime Numbers An IntroductionPrime subroutine is the compute, which is greater than 1 and undersurfacenot be come apartd by any publication excluding itself and one. A tiptop egress is a positive(p) integer that has just two positive integer factors, including 1 and itself. Such as, if the factors of 28 atomic number 18 listed, there are 6 factors that are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28. Similarly, if the factors of 29 are listed, there are only two factors that are 1 and 29. Therefore, it plunder be inferred that 29 is a pinnacle number, but 28 is not.Examples of peak comeThe first few prime numbers are as follows2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199, etc.Identifying the primesThe ancient Sieve of Eratosthenes is a simple way to work out each(prenomina l) prime numbers up to a given limit by preparing a list of each(prenominal) integers and repetitively striking out multiples of already lay down primes. There is also a modern Sieve of Atkin, which is more complex when compared to that of Eratosthenes.A method to determine whether a number is prime or not, is to divide it by all primes less than or equal to the square root of that number. If the results of any of the divisions are an integer, the original number is not a prime and if not, it is a prime. One need not actually calculate the square root once one sees that the quotient is less than the divisor, one can stop. This is called as the trial division, which is the simplest primality mental render but it is impractical for testing large integers because the number of possible factors grows exponentially as the number of digits in the number to be tested increases.Primality tests A primality test algorithm is an algorithm that is used to test a number for primality, that i s, whether the number is a prime number or not.AKS primality testThe AKS primality test is based upon the comparing(x a)n = (xn a) (mod n) for a coprime to n, which is received if and only if n is prime. This is a generalization of Fermats little theorem extended to polynomials and can easily be proven development the binomial theorem unitedly with the fact that for all 0 (x a)n = (xn a) (mod n, x r 1), which can be checked in polynomial time.Fermat primality testFermats little theorem asserts that if p is prime and 1 a a p -1 1 (mod p)In order to test whether p is a prime number or not, one can scavenge random as in the interval and check if there is an equality.Solovay-Strassen primality testFor a prime number p and any integer a, A (p -1)/2 (a/p) (mod p)Where (a/p) is the Legendre symbol. The Jacobi symbol is a generalisation of the Legendre symbol to (a/n) where n can be any odd integer. The Jacobi symbol can be computed in time O((log n)) using Jacobis generalization of law of quadratic reciprocity.It can be observed whether or not the congruenceA (n -1)/2 (a/n) (mod n) holds for various values of a. This congruence is true for all as if n is a prime number. (Solovay, Robert M. and Volker Strassen, 1977)Lucas-Lehmer test This test is for a natural number n and in this test, it is also required that the prime factors of n 1 should be already cognize.If for every(prenominal) prime factor (q) of n 1, there exists an integer a less than n and greater than 1 such asa n -1 1 (mod n)and thena n -1/q 1 (mod n) then n is prime. If no such number can be found, n is complex number.Miller-Rabin primality testIf we can find an a such thatad 1 (mod n), and a2nd -1 (mod n) for all 0 r s 1then a proves the compositeness of n. If not, a is called a strong liar, and n is a strong probable prime to the base a. Strong liar refers to the case where n is composite but yet the equations hold as they would for a prime number.There are several witnesses a for every odd composite n. But, a simple way to generate such an a is known. Making the test probabilistic is the solution we choose randomly, and check whether it is a witness for the composite spirit of n. If n is composite, majority of the as are witnesses, therefore the test will discover n as a composite number with high probability. (Rabin, 1980)A probable prime is an integer, which is considered to be probably prime by passing a certain test. Probable primes, which are actually composite (such as Carmichael numbers) are known as pseudoprimes.Besides these methods, there are separate methods also. There is a set of Diophantine equations in 9 variables and one logical argument in which the parameter is a prime number only if the resultant system of equations has a solution over the natural numbers. A single formula with the property of all the positive values being prime can be obtained with this method. There is another formula that is based on Wilsons theorem. The number two is generated several generation and all other primes are generated exactly once. Also, there are other similar formulas that can generate primes. Some primes are categorized as per the properties of their digits in decimal or other bases. An example is that the numbers whose digits develop a palindromic sequence are palindromic primes, and if by consecutively removing the first digit at the go forth or the right generates only new prime numbers, a prime number is known as a truncatable prime.The first 5,000 prime numbers can be known very quickly by just looking at odd numbers and checking each new number (say 5) against every number above it (3) so if 5Mod3 = 0 then its not a prime number.History of prime numbersThe most ancient and acknowledged proof for the debate that There are infinitely many prime numbers, is given by Euclid in his Elements (Book IX, Proposition 20). The Sieve of Eratosthenes is a simple, ancient algorithm to key all prime numbers up to a particular intege r. After this, came the modern Sieve of Atkin, which is faster but more complex. The Sieve of Eratosthenes was created in the third century BC by Eratosthenes. Some clues can be found in the surviving records of the ancient Egyptians regarding their knowledge of prime numbers for example, the Egyptian constituent expansions in the Rhind papyrus befool fairly different forms for primes and for composites. But, the first surviving records of the clear consider of prime numbers come from the Ancient Greeks. Euclids Elements (circa 300 BC) allow in key theorems about primes, counting the fundamental theorem of arithmetic and the infinitude of primes. Euclid also explained how a perfect number is constructed from a Mersenne prime.After the Greeks, nothing special happened with the study of prime numbers till the 17th century. In 1640, Pierre de Fermat affirmed Fermats little theorem, which was later on proved by Leibniz and Euler. Chinese may have identified a special case of Fermats theorem much earlier. Fermat assumed that all numbers of the form 22n + 1 are prime and he proved this up to n = 4. But, the subsequent Fermat number 232+1 is composite whose one prime factor is 641). This was later on discovered by Euler and now no raise Fermat numbers are recognized as prime numbers. A French monk, Marin Mersenne looked at primes of the form 2p 1, with p as a prime number. They are known as Mersenne primes after his name.Euler showed that the infinite series 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/5 + 1/7 + 1/11 + is divergent. In 1747, Euler demonstrated that even the perfect numbers are in particular the integers of the form 2p-1(2p-1), where the second factor is a Mersenne prime. It is supposed that there are no odd perfect numbers, but it is not proved yet. In the beginning of the 19th century, Legendre and Gauss independently assumed that because x tends to infinity, the number of primes up to x is asymptotic to x/log(x), where log(x) is the natural logarithm of x.Awards for findi ng primesA prize of US$100,000 has been offered by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) to the first discoverers of a prime with a minimum 10 million digits. Also, $150,000 for 100 million digits, and $250,000 for 1 billion digits has been offered. In 2000, $50,000 for 1 million digits were paid. Apart from this, prizes up to US$200,000 for finding the prime factors of particular semi-primes of up to 2048 bits were offered by the RSA Factoring Challenge.Facts about prime numbers73939133 is an amazing prime number. If the last or the digit at the units place is removed, every time you will get a prime number. It is the largest known prime with this property. Because, all the numbers which we get after removing the end digit of the number are also prime numbers. They are as follows 7393913, 739391, 73939, 7393, 739, 73 and 7. All these numbers are prime numbers. This is a distinct quality of the number 73939133, which any other number does not have. (Amazing number facts, 2008) Th e only even prime number is 2. All other even numbers can be divided up by 2. So, they are not prime numbers. Zero and 1 are not considered to be prime numbers. If the sum of the digits of a number is a multiple of 3, that number can be divided by 3.With the exception of 0 and 1, a number is either a prime number or a composite number. A composite number is identified as any number that is greater than 1 and that is not prime. The last digit of a prime number greater than 5 can never be 5. Any number greater than 5 whose last digit is 5 can be divided by 5. (Prime Numbers, 2008) 1/20.5 Terminates 1/30.33333Repeating seal off up 1 digit 1/50.2 Terminates 1/70.1428571428Repeating block 6 digits 1/110.090909Repeating block 2 digits 1/130.0769230769Repeating block 6 digits 1/170.05882352941176470588Repeating block 16 digits 1/190.0526315789473684210526Repeating block 18 digits 1/230.04347826086956521739130434Repeating block 22 digits For some of the prime numbers, the size of the it erate block is 1 less than the prime.These are known as Golden Primes.2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 979 primes out of the 25 (less than 100) are golden primes this forms 36% (9/25). (Amazing number facts, 2008)Examples of mathematicians specialized in prime numbers Arthur Wieferich, D. D. Wall, Zhi Hong Sun and Zhi Wei Sun, Joseph Wolstenholme, Joseph Wolstenholme, Euclid, Eratosthenes.Applications of prime numbers For a long time, the number theory and the study of prime numbers as well was seen as the canonical example of pure mathematics with no applications beyond the self-interest of studying the topic. But, in the 1970s, it was publicly announced that prime numbers could be used as a basis for creating the public key cryptography algorithms. They were also used for hash tables and pseudorandom number generators.A number of rotor coil machines were designed with a different number of pins on each rotor. The number of pins on any one rotor was either prime, or co-prime to the number of pins on any other rotor. With this, a full cycle of possible rotor positions (before repeating any position) was generated.Prime numbers in the arts and literatureAlso, prime numbers have had a significant influence on several artists and writers. The French composer Olivier Messiaen created ametrical music through natural phenomena with the use of prime numbers. In his works, La Nativit du Seigneur (1935) and Quatre tudes de rythme (1949-50), he has used motifs with lengths given by different prime numbers to create unpredictable rhythms 41, 43, 47 and 53 are the primes that appear in one of the tudes. A scientist of NASA, Carl Sagan recommended (in his science fiction Contact) that prime numbers could be used for communication with the aliens. The award-winning play Arcadia by Tom Stoppard was a headstrong attempt made to discuss mathematical ideas on the stage. In the very first scene, the 13 year old heroine baffles over the Fermats last theorem (theorem that involves prime numbers). A popular fascination with the mysteries of prime numbers and cryptography has been seen in various films.ReferencesAmazing number facts, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008 from http//www.madras.fife.sch.uk/maths/amazingnofacts/fact018.html Prime Numbers, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008 from http//www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0876084.html Solovay, Robert M. Strassen, V. (1977). A fast Monte-Carlo test for primality. SIAM journal on Computing 6 (1) 84-85.Rabin, M.O. (1980). Probabilistic algorithm for testing primality, Journal of Number Theory 12, no. 1, pp. 128-138.

the Firm Strategy Structure and Rivalry

the Firm Strategy Structure and RivalrySialkot is known as the export city of Pakistan. Out of many cottage and small scale industries, sports application is one of the most prominent in the city. There ar total 3559 sports goods industries in Pakistan expose of which over 98 percent are located in the city of Sialkot and its suburbs.1 Imported sports brands like Adidas (Germany), Puma (Germany), Nike (USA) and Slazenger (UK) started getting their products manufactured from the Sialkot sports assiduity. This internationalistic collaboration was a big achievement.In 1994, official soccer balls were required for FIFA football World Cup, USA 94. Sialkot sports equipment exporters were selected for this supply.2However, the intentness is now experiencing loss of market share because of overleap of modernization that is latest technology usage, poor learning infrastructure, competition with China, India and Japan, first-class honours degree capital for industry expansion, lack of technical education, intention and international standards in production, frequent power outages, poor management skills and lack of coordination among related industries in the sports clump. using the Porters Diamond model for analysis, we can better understand the current situation of the sports industry (exhibit 1). Porters Diamond model3 helps in understanding the role of clusters in competition and enables a government to gauge how an industry can become competitive on a global level.Demand ConditionsSialkot sports industry had been generating major revenue by export sports wear and sports equipment to the international market. But there has been a recent downfall in the industry. The international market demands innovation in sports products, use of better technologies and international standards in production.Firm Strategy Structure and RivalryThere is a strong competition with China, India and Japan. International brands like NIKE, Adidas etc. are getting their products do from these countries because of cheap labor and raw materials there. China specially is a big threat to the industry.4Factor ConditionsSmall scale industries are run by a familys own savings. As savings are limited, expansion of industrial units is not possible and it could soon get exhausted. So, capital is a hurdle in advancement. force outages are one of the biggest problems of Pakistan these days. It causes problems in the form of delays in production. Employees are not well equipped with the management skills. Because of obsolete technology usage, the industry is lagging potty the market. Infrastructure needinesss to be enhanced according to modern demands. Raw materials which are required include synthetic rubber, rubber, leather (pebble grained leather), wood, aluminum, nylon, gut etc. These are all locally produced.Related Supporting IndustriesDespite the presence of big sports cluster including locally based suppliers of raw materials, the cooperation among the priva te-public partnerships seems to be rugged. Differences in prices are created because of lack of coordination among the related industries. Individuals are not well ingenious virtually the technology advancement. Entrepreneur fervor is there but innovation is lagging behind.5Analysis homecoming markets share will require a get of changes. In bless to analyze the importance of the sports industry and to judge whether there is really any need for upgrading the sports cluster, the SWOT analysis is carried out which shows the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats faced by the sports industry of Pakistan (exhibit 2). According to it, the sports industry has sustained up till now because of the long history of exports which has enabled it to detect active and reliable linkages in international markets. Though small in number, the labor force possesses multiple skills regarding production, for example, in the manufacturing of cricket bats, tennis rackets, and footballs whic h is keeping the industry functioning.However, sports industries are small-scale cottage industries with weak management capabilities of the employees and a tough price competition in the market, making their survival difficult. Moreover, absence of international standards and license testing laboratories is also adding to the weaknesses. Lack of product innovation and extensive power outages are also affecting it negatively. Furthermore, employees are not well trained about(predicate) the latest technologies in the market and are thus reluctant in adopting them which is putting the industry behind day by day. Keeping the employees well trained about latest technologies will enable them to keep track of the latest trends in the market. Also, in small scale industries the investors are poor and illiterate so the production methods and machinery are outdated.Moreover, there are good opportunities for the sports industry to flourish like low rate of mark-up on working capital loans, very low income tax rates and better trade access in EU and USA.Some threats to the industry involve technical and environmental barriers to trade, licensing and international standards requirement by the international markets and producers of raw materials. Lack of education resulting in poor technology advancement has become a threat to the industry.6 China/ East Asia production is also posing serious threat to the industry.RecommendationsIn order to improve the export conditions of the sports industry, the following Five year Plan needs to be implemented.Five Year PlanThe Five Year Plan would focus onAddressing barriers (poor cultivation infrastructure, lack of technical know-how, less capital, power outages, illiteracy, poor management skills, lack of modernization)Sports products innovation and diversityEducating entrepreneurs about advanced technologyLabor skills enhancement to bring innovation and diversity in productsOverarching StrategyTo enhance and strengthen the exist ing sports cluster and move it towards competitive advantageTo bring reforms which would enable the sports industry to overcome the market share lossesYear 1A Cluster supervise Cell comprising of dedicated departments would be established by the government which would monitor the activities of the sports industry cluster and would try to bring reforms to the industry.Existing employees would be educated about the latest technology trends prevalent in the market. Technical centers would be setup under governments educational programs, launched and funded by the Education Department to provide adequate planning to the employees.Workshops for counseling regarding investment and other matters would be provided to the new comers in the business. This would be taken care of by the Training Department.Research Department would point out industries in the cluster which justly require funds. Funding Department would then collaborate with the government to provide loans and easy installment facilities to the owners in order to shrivel the risk of going out of business.The information infrastructure needs to be improved by the Information Resource Bureau for proper flow of information across the multiple industries in the sports cluster.Government intervention plans would be made and implemented in order to reduce threats. The Research Department would indentify when intervention is required. homo Resource Department would set criteria for hiring employees.Government would launch scholarship and exchange programs under the Education Department of Cluster Monitoring Cell in order to overcome the reluctance of employees in getting educated.Year 2-3In lengthening to Year 1 PlanIn order to cater to the needs of a wide range of markets, diversity in production would be introduced.Responsible organizations like Cluster Monitoring Cell and Government would focus on efficiency building so that better advantage could be taken of opportunities available to the industry.Issues regarding World Trade Organization would be overcome through proper seminars, trainings and workshops which would be conducted at least four times a year at different locations. Strict laws would be implemented, violation of which would result in penalties.Export run provided by the government would be strengthened.Solar, wind and hydel power generating units would be installed at the industry by the government to deal with power outage problem.Year 4-5In continuation to Year 2-3 PlanA comprehensive national level strategy plan will be made which would involve all the stakeholders. Focus would be on sustainable development of the industry. For that, reliance on subsidies and monetary support will be discouraged.Government would intervene to limit the ever increasing number of industries by allowing only those industries to export that have a certain capacity for capital investment.ConclusionSports industry is one of the most revenue generating industries of Pakistan. There is an imperative need to adopt the above recommendations before it is too late. These would help in bridging the gap between the various related industries in the sports cluster. Technical know how, information about WTO issues and latest technologies need to be infused in the minds of the entrepreneurs so that they could help in better running of the industry. Government needs to intervene in the industry matters at the right time in order to control the situation before industries are met with market shares losses.BibliographyGhani, Dr. Jawaid A. SIALKOTS ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT, No.96-10 (September, 1996).Karim, Yasir,Sports Industry in PakistanPorter, Michael E., Chapter 7, Clusters and Competition radical Agendas for Companies, Governments and Institutions in On Competition, (BostonHarvard Business School Press,1998).Web ResourcesDAWN Media Group (29th August, 2009) Pakistan set to recapture football market, available at http//www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/ t idings/business/09-pakistan-set-to-recapture-football-marketszh-06, accessed seventeenth shew, 2010.Sialkot Export (no date) Sports Wear, Sports Goods in Sialkot, available at http//www.sialkotexport.com/sports.aspx, accessed 17th March 2010.Dr. Jawaid A. Ghani, SIALKOTS ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT, No.96-10 (September, 1996), p.7Sialkot Export (no date) Sports Wear, Sports Goods in Sialkot, available at http//www.sialkotexport.com/sports.aspx, accessed 17th March 2010.Michael E. Porter, Chapter 7, Clusters and Competition New Agendas for Companies, Governments and Institutions in On Competition, (BostonHarvard Business School Press,1998), p.211DAWN Media Group (29th August, 2009), available at http//www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/business/09-pakistan-set-to-recapture-football-marketszh-06, accessed 17th March, 2010.Porter, Chapter 7, Clusters and Competition New Agendas for Companies, Governments and Institutions , p.210-213.Yasir Karim, Sports Industry in Pakistan, pp.9-10Yasir Karim, Sports Industry in Pakistan, p.11Porter, Chapter 7, Clusters and Competition New Agendas for Companies, Governments and Institutions , p.211Karim, Sports Industry in Pakistan, pp.9-10

Biomedical and Social Models of Health

Biomedical and Social Models of HealthThe bio-medical and social models of wellness offer different views of health and disease. Outline the main characteristics of each model and assess their strengths and weakness in explaining health and disease.Health can be viewed as the state of being blend in and well, as well as a state of mental sanity (WHO 2005). According to Blaxter (2004), if a person can perform daily functions such as going to work, taking c ar of the household, etc he/she is florid. M both studies select found that beat people define health as the absence of unwellness (Williams 1983, Calnan 1987, Hughner Kleine 2004). as yet being healthy means different things to different people as much have been said and written somewhat peoples varying concepts of health. Some lay perceptions are based on pragmatism where health is regarded as a relative phenomenon, experienced and evaluated according to what an individual finds reasonable to expect, given their age, me dical check out and social status. For them being healthy, may sightly mean not having a health problem, which interferes with their everyday lives (Bury 2005).Some taxonomies have evolved in attempt to define health. In this work, health has been considered from the placement of biomedical and social models.According to Baggott (2004) the biomedical model of health looks at individual physical functioning and describes bad health as the presence of disease and illness symptoms as a result of physical cause such as injury or infections and attempts to ignore social and psychological factors. Baggott (2004) states that the features of biomedical model rest mainly on biomedical changes, which can be defined, measured and isolated. In effect this is directed towards the dysfunction of the organs and tissues of the ashes rather than the overall condition of the patient.Biomedical treatments often involve the removal of the cause, for instance the virus or bacteria. The biomedical mo del is based on the legal opinion that there is always a cure and the idea that illness is temporary, episodic and a physical condition.The basic values of the biomedical model of health inhabit of the guess called doctrine of particularized aetiology, which is the idea that all disease is caused by theoretically identifiable agents such as germs, bacteria or parasites (Naidoo Wills 2004).The advantage of biomedical model shows disease as representing a major public health problem facing our society. This model sees disease state as an issue that ineluctably to be treated, and that disease can be readily diagnosed and quantified (Ewles Simnett 2003 2010). This approach appears narrow, negative and reductionist. In an extreme case, it implies that people with disabilities are unhealthy and that health is only about the absence of morbidity. Further, this model is limited in its approach by its omission of a time dimension.Modern bio medication rests upon two major development s, both of which remain important to this day. It is first important to consider the Cartesian revolution after the s even outth century French philosophy Rene Descarts. The Cartesian revolution encouraged the idea that the bole and mind are independent or not closely related (NRC 1985). In this mechanistic view, the personify is perceived to function like a simple automobile with its confused parts individually treatable, and those that treat them considered engineers (Naidoo Wills 2004). Biomedical alike concentrates on the individual unlike the social model. Biological model adopts a negative perspective on health as it views health more in terms of the absence of disease than the possession of healthy attributes (Baggott 2004). This model tensityes the importance of advancing engine room both in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, an approach that has undoubtedly improved both the k straightawayledge and understanding of numerous diseases. Biomedical model has led to the improvements in the treatment of patients, which has favoured gains both in the length and quality of life of people. Despite the aforementioned feats, the biomedical model has received considerable criticism, as umpteen a(prenominal) writers have argued that it was inappropriate to modern, complex health problems (Inglis 1981).The medical model, in terms of specific health risks, does not encompass all of what health means to an individual. For instance, a mendelevium speculating on what, based on current knowledge at the time, would be the composite picture of an individual with a low risk of developing coronary thrombosis artery disease.Further criticisms of this theory focused principally on the suggestion that it over simplified biological processes now known to be very intricate. For m either diseases there are multiple and interacting causes. Moreover, such a theory looks only to the agent of disease, and ignores the host, and the possibilities of biological adapta tion. The theory is much more easily applicable to exquisite conditions than to chronic ill-health and is difficult to apply to mental disorders.The second theory of the biomedical model is called the assumption of generic disease. This is when each disease has its own distinguishing features that are universal, at least within the human species. These will be the same in different cultures and at different times, unless the disease-producing agent itself changes. Criticisms of this focus on the rather translucent point that diseases are differently defined in different cultures and that medical translations of disease have clearly changed over time. Each unfermented advance in knowledge of physiology and each new wave of engineering science have added new definitions of ill health to the accepted canon. Despite the doctrine of specific aetiology many conditions, which are still only symptoms or syndromes, are recognized within medicine as diseases. Generally, it can be seen th at what is viewed as illness in any particular society and at any historical time depends on cultural norms and social values (Naidoo Wills 2004).Thus new diagnoses such as alcohol, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic fatigue syndromes are born through an interaction of new knowledge about both their possible causes and how they might possibly be helped. As a definition of disease what doctors treat has obvious problems, however, it implies that no one can be ill until recognised as such and leaves the concept at the mercy of idiosyncratic individual medical decisions.The third theory is the scientific biomedicine, which accepts the model of all ill-health as deviation from the normal especially the normal domain of measurable biological variables. in that location is an association with the definition of health as equilibrium and disease as a disturbance of the bodys function, with the purpose of medical technology the restoration to equilibrium. The immune or endocrine, or neuropsychological systems attempt to restore the normal and the purpose of medicine is to instigate or assist this process. But medical science now realizes that the human organism has no set pattern for structure and function, and it is often unclear where normal variation ends and abnormality begins.The fourth theory of medical model is based on the principles of scientific neutrality. Medicine adopts not only the rational method of science but also its values objectivity and neutrality on the part of the observer, and the view of the human organism as simply the product of biological processes over which the individuals themselves have little control. The reply to this is that the practice session of medicine, whatever its theory, is always deeply embedded in the larger society. It cannot be neutral, for there are wider social, political and cultural forces dictating how it does its work and how the unhealthy are dealt with.Biomedicine now admits multiple and interactive cause s, and that the whole may be more than simply the sum of the parts. Social and psychological causes of ill health- stress, unhappiness, life events- are admitted as agents of disease or contributing factors, but they are not themselves defined as ill health. Modern medicine has moved on, to incorporate elaborate ideas about the various and interrelated causes of ill health. Studies of the way in which doctors make diagnoses demonstrate this, while at the same time lip service is paid to the importance of the social. Moreover, even when social and psychological influences are admitted this is still a very negatively oriented approach to health.The social model came about in mid ordinal century when there was increasing dissatisfaction with the dominant model of health offered by biomedicine. The preoccupation with disease and illness made it less able to deal with any supportive concept of health. The ideology, which viewed the individual in mechanistic ways justified ever-increasi ng use of medical technologies, precluding the exercise of other therapies and diminishing the importance attached to compulsory health or preventive medicine.Since the last decade medical professional practice has become a major threat to health. Depression, infection, disability and other specific estrogenic disease now cause more suffering than all accidents from traffic or industry by transforming pain, illness and death from a individualized challenge into a technical problem, medical practice expropriates the potential of people to deal with their human condition in an autonomous way and becomes the sources of a new kind of un-health. The emphasis on health as simply the absence of disease encouraged thinking about only two categories the health and the disease. As we are meant to believe that science can produce a utopia of disease free and lengthy life meaning scientists only look for their magic bullet. There is a feeling that the most angry critiques of the biomedical mo del was wilfully ignoring the contributions of modern science to human welfare. But claims to the unique truth of biomedicine were weakened by some loss of faith in scientific objectivity and a distrust of a Frankenstein technology that could run out of control, and this was part of the modern fecal matter towards a new model usually called social health.Social model of health imbibes social constructs and relativity in its approach to health. It tends to define and redefine health in a continuous manner, and views health differently between individuals, groups, times and cultures. Some supporters of Social model have written extensively about complaint having a role to play in various societies (Parsons 1951) as this helps to determine the structure of and functionality of the society.The concept of social health incorporates many differences of emphasis though it has to be noted that it is more than simply the recognition that social factors such as poverty have to be included i n a model of the causes of ill health. The social model is a different construction, locating biological processes within their social contexts and considering the person as a whole rather than a serial of distinct bodily systems.The social model is organic and holistic rather than reductionist mechanical method. A mechanical system acts according to its programming, its instructions, or subjective laws.The social model allows for mental as well as physical health and wider sphere of taking part in active life. This model also allows for more subtle discrimination of individuals who succeed in leading productive lives in spite of a physical impairment. Another disadvantage of this model is that the creative activity runs the risk of excessive breadth and of incorporating all of life. Thus they do not distinguish clearly between the state of being healthy the consequences of being healthy nor do they distinguish between health and the determinants of health (Ewles Simnett 2010).T he medical profession is a social institution, which cannot be separated from the values, pressures and influences of the society in which it practices. As health has been defined in various ways, most part rests on the ideas of the normal and of seeing health as opposed to disease or illness. In practice, the definition of health has always been the territory of those who define its opposite healers, or practitioners of medicine as a science or a body of practical knowledge. Since medicine is one of societys major systems, it is obvious that it is these definitions which will be institutionalised and embodied in law and administration, though the extent to which lay models adds to or diverge from this body of ideas is significant to the individual in respect of their perception of health.Whilst the medical model built on the Cartesian theory of the body as a machine disorders can be corrected by repairing or replacing parts of the organism, holism describes the view that the whole cannot be explained simply by the sum of the parts, just as healthiness cannot be explained by a list of risk factors. Every disturbance in a system involves the whole system. Human beings are living networks formed by cognitive processes, values, and purposive intentions, not simply interacting components (Blaxter 2004). The development of this social model has been accompanied among the public, by a growing ebullience for alternative therapies, which tend to rest on holistic theories. Gradually, these too have been integrated to some extent into the mainstream model.In order to have a countywide understanding of health, one has to look at the phenomenon from various premise of health definition, as just one aspect may not provide muster out answer to the enquiry about our health at a particular given time. It is therefore important to consider the various aspects of health when making discernment and decision about the health status of an individual.In summary, the biomedical m odel of health is obviously most easily defined by the absence of disease, though the model is also compatible with more positive definitions in terms of equilibrium of normal functioning. In the social model health is a positive state of wholeness and well being associated with but not entirely explained by the absence of disease, illness or physical and mental impairment. The concepts of health and ill-health are unbalanced. The absence of disease may be part of health but health is more than the absence of disease.